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Exam (elaborations)

NR 503-MIDTERM EXAM

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  • Course
  • Nr 503
  • Institution
  • Nr 503

Exam of 80 pages for the course nr 503 at nr 503 (NR 503-MIDTERM EXAM)

Preview 4 out of 80  pages

  • September 25, 2024
  • 80
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • Nr 503
  • Nr 503
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codersimon
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78 Multiple choice questions

Definition 1 of 78
Observation of humans who have a trait, factor, or exposure, and so on.

Highest level of data

Best way to establish causation

Positive predictive value (ppv)

Descriptive study methods

Definition 2 of 78
Experiments that introduce a treatment to study its effects on real people.


less bias (randomizing and bias)


comparison between intervention groups & control groups are randomly selected


Planned AND provides sound evidence of cause & effect


GOLD STANDARD

Rct vs. case-control clinical trials


Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)


Case-control study

Cohort study

,Definition 3 of 78
Where the information is pulled from the database

Internal Validity


Clinical Significance

Analytic Study Methods


Passive Surviellance

Definition 4 of 78
Describe a relationship between disease AND other factors at one point in time in a defined
population


No comparison group


Lack of info on timing of exposure AND outcome relationships AND include prevalent cases


Compare diagnostic tests called PROSPECTIVE, BLIND COMPARISON to the gold standard


Varying degrees of illness


Sensitivity AND specificity of new test compared to that of the gold standard


intervention group that receives treatment


Estimates of prevalence


Monitor trends

retrospective study

cross-sectional study

cohort study


scientific misconduct

,Definition 5 of 78
Incidence of a disease in a population

Absolute Risk


Prevalence

Clinical Significance

Relative Risk

Definition 6 of 78
Characterization of the potential adverse health effects of human exposures to environmental
hazards

Absolute Risk

Relative Risk

Risk Analysis


Risk Management

Definition 7 of 78
combines sensitivity & specificity data to help clinician quantify how much the odds of disease
change based on positive & negative results

sensitivity

specificity

likelihood ratio

odds ratio

, Definition 8 of 78
1) Temporal relationship-associated factor must be present before the disease


2) Strength of association-The stronger the relationship, the more likely it is casual


3)Dose-response relationship-dose increases, so does the risk of development of the disease


4)replication of findings-findings can be found repeated in other studies


5) Biological plausibility-current knowledge on the factor or exposure and the response of the
human body on the cellular level is consistent with the findings

Positive predictive value

Social justice & health inequalities

6 ways to establish causation

When does bias become a problem?

Definition 9 of 78
focuses on risk, data, demographics, and outcomes

social determinants of health

population health

health disparities


epidemiology

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