NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1
Questions And Answers 100% Verified.
What is Pathophysiology - correct answer. is the study of what happens when the
normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the
human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - correct answer. Etiology,
Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
What is etiology - correct answer. study of causes or reasons for phenomena.
Includes Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
What is pathogenesis? - correct answer. development or evolution of disease from
initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
What are clinical manifestations? - correct answer. Signs and symptoms of disorder.
What are treatment implications? - correct answer. Which combine the etology,
pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of condition
per individual.
What are signs? - correct answer. Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
What are symptoms? - correct answer. Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
What is objective data - correct answer. What you observe and can measure.
What are examples of objective data? - correct answer. rash, low blood pressure,
bleeding
What is subjective data? - correct answer. What the patient may report to you
,What are examples of subjective data? - correct answer. pain scale, they feel suicidal,
fatigued.
What is epidemiology? - correct answer. study of the patterns of disease involving
populations. Based on the spread and contact of diseases in people.
What are the levels of disease prevention? - correct answer. Primary, Secondary,
Tertiary
Explain Primary Prevention - correct answer. "Preventing"; altering susceptibility or
reducing exposure of disease for people.
Examples of Primary Prevention - correct answer. Vaccinations and Handwashing
Explain Secondary Prevention - correct answer. "Screening"; early detection,
screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
Examples of Secondary Prevention - correct answer. PAP smears for STDs, lab work
for HBA1C check, mammogram
Explain Tertiary Prevention - correct answer. "Treating" and preventing further
complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition
Examples of Tertiary Prevention - correct answer. Rehab for hip surgery, relearning
ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers.
What is homeostasis? - correct answer. a state of equilibrium in which all body
systems are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable.
What is allostasis? - correct answer. ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is
not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to
lower ones body temp.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - correct answer. alarm, resistance,
exhaustion
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - correct answer. Where the
sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are
activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead.
Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - correct answer. the
activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the
body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
, Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - correct answer.
Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no
longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to
be depleted and damaged that can lead to disease or death.
What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation
syndrome? - correct answer. disease can occur physically and mentally, such as
anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infection, and heart disease.
Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome -
correct answer. Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone,
catecholamines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - correct answer.
activates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage - correct answer. helps to slow
down certain organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body for fight or
flight.
Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage - correct answer. Stimulates the
fight or flight response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase
respirations and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more
glucose to be released.
Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - correct answer. released by ACTH
reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose
and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.
Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response - correct answer.
Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased
respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response - correct answer.
Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, decreased
respiration, GI/GU systems resume action.
role of nucleus - correct answer. control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are
stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins. Can have 1 or more (liver cells), or
none (RBCs).
role of mitochondria - correct answer. Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in
ATP, and has its own set of DNA.
