Exam (elaborations)
Test Bank for Organic Chemistry 4th Edition by David Klein Chapter 1
- Course
- Institution
Test Bank for Organic Chemistry 4th Edition by David Klein Chapter 1
[Show more]
Content preview
Test Bank for Organic Chemistry 4th Edition by DavidKlein Chapter 1-27
Alkanes - ANSWER - First four alkanes are methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6),
Propane (C3H8), and Butane (C4H10)
- single Bonded
Alkenes and Alkynes - ANSWER - Contain double and triple bonds respectively.
Alcohols - ANSWER - contain Hydroxyl group (OH)
- suffix ol or hydroxy if a higher priority group is present
- Diols contain two hydroxyl groups.
* Geminal: 2 Hydroxyl groups on the same carbon
* Vicinal: on adjacent carbons
Carbonyl group - ANSWER
Common Names of Aldehydes - ANSWER - suffix al
- Common names include
* formaldehyde for methanal (R = H)
* Acetyldehyde for ethanal ( R = CH3)
* Propionaldehyde for propanal (R = CH3CH2)
Aldehyde vs. Ketones Terminal group - ANSWER - An aldehyde has a terminal
functional group due to the one hydrogen
- Ketone has two alkyl groups so it's never a terminal group.
Naming cyclic Aldehydes - ANSWER
Aldehyde Nomenclature: Methanal - ANSWER Formaldehyde
Aldehyde Nomenclature: Ethanal - ANSWER Acetaldehyde
Aldehyde Nomenclature: Propanal - ANSWER Propionaldehyde
Aldehyde Nomenclature: Butanal - ANSWER Butyraldehyde
Aldehyde Nomenclature: Pentanal - ANSWER Valeraldehyde
Naming Ketones: 2-propanone - ANSWER - Dimethyl ketone
- Acetone
Naming Ketones: 2-butanone - ANSWER - ethylmethylketone
Naming Ketones: 3-oxobutanoic Acid - ANSWER
Naming Ketones: Cyclopentanone - ANSWER
,Common Names for Ketones - ANSWER - suffix one
- Acetone (dimethylketone; 2- propanone) ; smallest ketone; similar as the figure
- 2 pentanone (R= CH3CH2CH2)
3-butene-2-one - ANSWER - Naming ketones
- methylvinylketone
Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives - ANSWER - Contain both carbonyl group C=O and
hydroxyl group (OH)
- most oxidized group that appear on the MCAT
- Suffix: Oic acid
- Methanoic acid (Formic Acid)
- Ethanoic acid (acetic acid)
- Propanoic Acid (Propanoic Acid)
Ester - ANSWER - Carboxylic acid derivative
- OH is replaced with OR, an alkoxy group
Amides - ANSWER - Carboxylic acid derivative
- OH is replaced with an amino group
Anhydrides - ANSWER - Carboxylic acid derivative
- formed by dehydration of 2 carboxylic acids
* Symmetric = same acid
* asymmetric = two different acids
* cyclic = intramolecular reaction of a dicarboxylic acid
Summary of Functional Groups - ANSWER Carboxylic acid > anhydride > Ester >
Amide > Aldehyde > Ketone > Alcohol > alkene or alkyne > alkane
Structural Isomer - ANSWER - Share only a molecular formula
- They have different physical and chemical properties
Conformational Isomer - ANSWER - Same molecule, differ in rotation around single
pi bonds.
Newman's Projection - ANSWER - Anti staggered isomer has the lowest energy
- Staggered isomer has the highest energy
Configurational Isomer - ANSWER - Can be interconverted only by breaking bonds.
- consist of two categories:
* Enantiomers: nonsuperimposable mirror image and thus have opposite
stereochemistry at every chiral carbon.
* Diasteromer: non- mirror image stereoisomers; differ at some but not all chiral
centers. Ex) cis - trans isomers
Diastereomers - ANSWER - non- mirror image configurational isomer.
- differ at some but not all chiral centers. Ex) cis - trans isomers
, Enantiomer - ANSWER - Nearly identical physical properties and chemical
properties
- They rotate plane polarized light in opposite directions and react differently in chiral
environment
Chiral center - ANSWER - 4 different group attach to the central carbon
- lack a plane of symmetry
- not superimposable
Achiral - ANSWER - Superimposable
- line of symmetry
Racemix Mixture - ANSWER - Displays no optical activity
- when both (+) and (-) enantiomers are present in equal concentrations.
- Ex) A solution containing 2M (R)-2-butanol and 2 M (S)-2-butanol
Meso Compound - ANSWER - are essentially the molecular equivalent of a racemic
mixture.
- Racemix: when both (+) and (-) enantiomers are present in equal concentrations,
no optical activity
- Has a plane of symmetry = no optical activity
- overall achiral ( mirror images that can be superimposed) and will not rotate plane
polarized light.
(E) and (Z) Designations of Alkenes - ANSWER - Z : same side
- E: Opposite side
- used for compounds with polysubstituded double bonds.
- Part of relative configuration
(R) and (S) Nomenclature - ANSWER - Used for chiral (stereogenic: 4 different
groups bound to it in a non superimposable image) centers in molecules.
- (R) rotates to the right; clockwise
- (S) rotates to the left; counterclockwise
- Part of relative configuration
Maximum number of stereoisomer - ANSWER
Equation for specific rotation - ANSWER
Single Bonds - ANSWER - Sigma bonds, contains two electrons.
* Permit free rotation
Double Bonds - ANSWER - Contain one sigma bond and one pi bond.
- Pi bonds are created by sharing of electrons between two unhybridized p-orbitals
that align side by side.
- Pi bonds do not permit rotations
Triple Bonds - ANSWER - Contain one sigma bond and two pi bonds.
- Pi bonds do not permit rotations
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller leonardmuriithi061. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $17.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
67096 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now