PSYC 388 INTRODUCTION TO
COUNSELLING UNIT 1-4 DETAILED
ANSWERS TO LEARNING OBJECTIVES
ATHABASCA UNIVERSITY
, lOMoAR cPSD| 42147428
UNIT 1: Counselling in Canada: History and Trends
Learning Objectives:
1. define counselling in your own words, using the CCPA definition as a basis for your definition.
a. Counselling is a process that promotes knowledge and understanding of one’s self and emotions. It
involves building proficient and ethical relationships that lead to acceptance, growth, and development
of one’s personal resources.
2. describe the similarities and differences between guidance, counselling, and psychotherapy.
a. Differences:
Guidance Counselling Psychotherapy
Process of helping people make Skilled and principled use of Focuses on serious problems
important choices that affect relationship to facilitate associated with intrapsychic,
their lives. For ex. Choosing a self-knowledge, emotional internal, personal issues and
preferred career acceptance and growth, and the conflicts.
optimal development of
personal resources
Decision making based Theory based - cognitive, Analytically based therapy
affective, behavioural, and
systemic
Focus on helping choose what Focus on both choice and Focus on insight more than
people value most changes change; reconstructive change
Unequal relationship: help less Collaborative relationship Unequal relationship: Therapist
experienced people find is expert
direction in life
Early work occurred in schools Broad practice in diverse Early work was more in
and career centres settings: community agencies, inpatient settings, residential
private practices, universities treatment
Short term intervention Mostly short term intervention Long term intervention (6m to
but can be extended 2y)
b. Similarities:
i. Counsellors and Therapists have similar working processes (Fig 1.2)
ii. Some counselling theories are also referred to as therapies, can be used in either counselling or
therapy settings
iii. Counsellors see clients that have more developmental or situational concerns (same as
guidance counsellors) and also those whose treatment may encompass disorders (similar to
psychotherapists)
3. list the major events that influenced the development of counselling from before 1900 to 2000.
a. Before 1900
i. US: Counselling developed out of a humanitarian concern to improve lives of those adversely
affected by the Industrial revolution
ii. Social Welfare Reform Movement (Social Justice), spread of public education, changes in
population makeup due to immigration
iii. Canada: Moral Therapy Movement from France migrated to Canada around 1850 ⇒ humane
approach best way to treat psychological problems
b. 1900 to 1909
i. Mental Health movement and Vocational guidance movement found their way from the US to
Canada
ii. Frank Parsons and Clifford Beers emerged as american leaders in counselling history
iii. FP found Boston’s Vocational Bureau in 1908 → institutionalization of vocational guidance
c. 1910s to 1940s
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