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BPK140 Contemporary Health Issues final exam study guide Simon Fraser University
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BPK140 Contemporary Health Issues final exam study guide Simon Fraser University
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BPK140 Contemporary Health Issues final examstudy guide Simon Fraser University
, Chapter One: The Concepts of Health
Difference between HEALTH and WELLNESS?
Health: your individual state of being
Wellness: the way that you live your life (that positively improves your health)
What is HEALTH?
World Health Organization:
“Health is the complete state of physical, mental, social well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease of infirmity”
“a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social
and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.”
*Quotes may be MCQ on exam*
- Is there a single measurement of population or individual health? A: No. But, there are
indicators of health: life expectancy, infant mortality rate.
Life Expectancy
*know the general trends, not the numbers.
- General Trends
o Life expectancy has increased over the years
o Women tend to have a longer life expectancy than men
- There is often more than one reason for “why,” there is not just one simplistic answer.
Infant Mortality Rates in Canada
- Rate: 5.1/100 infants
- Noticeable information on the graph: Nunavut has the highest rate of infant mortality
o For several different reasons, there is not just one singular rate.
o Remember the indicators of health do not solely represent the indicators of health
Highest Infant Mortality Rates in the World
- Angola has the highest infant mortality rate in the world. (100/1000 infants)
Top 10 Causes of Death in Canada
- *Note: HIV/AIDs is not included in the top 10 list.
1. Malignant neoplasms (cancer)
2. Diseases of heart (heart disease)
3. Cardiovascular diseases (stroke)
4. Chronic lower respiratory diseases
5. Accidents (unintentional injuries)
6. Diabetes mellitus
7. Alzheimer’s disease
8. Influenza and pneumonia
, 9. Intentional self-harm
10. Nephritis nephrotic syndrome and nephrosis (kidney disease)
Different Health Models (views)
- Medical/illness model “if you’re not sick, you’re healthy”
o Health is viewed as the absence of a disease.
You go to the doctor when you have sign/symptoms of diseases
SIGNS = something you see.
SYMPTOMS = something you feel
The doctor is responsible for your health, which is achieved through treatment.
o The GOAL is to prevent morbidity and morality.
o Mechanistic model: focuses on the disorder rather than the person…
o Argument: doctors can be facilitators for your health
- Risk factor model “health through prevention of illness”
o Unlike illness model, focuses on the prevention instead of treatment, and empowers the
person to be responsible for their own health
o Relates MAIN causes of mortality in a population to known risk factors
o At your individual level, it is your own responsibility to change your health behaviours
and decisions to reduce risk of diseases
o At the population level¸ health promoters can target high risk groups and focus on
prevention and/or early detection
o Physicians, or etc, can act as a resource to raise awareness and give information of the
risk factors. (ex. Giving condoms, educating people)
- Holistic model “health through environment”
o This view goes beyond the previous two models.
o Takes an ecological approach where a person is best understood of their environments:
Genetics
Example: you may live a very healthy life, but your genetics may
negatively affect you
Politics
Example: Different politicians can change access to health care (like
planned parenthood, for example)
Example: Food inspection, how clean the water is
Social factors/Social economic determinants of health
Example: Employment status and occupation
, Example: education, income, marital status, etc. Much more on slide.
Health care
Example: the level of health care systems can influence an individual
Psychological factors
Example: depression can make you not want to get out of bed, may
make you eat more or less
Environment
Example: air pollution in Beijing
Economics
Example: populations with higher wealth usually has a better health
because they can afford better health care, etc.
Personal health behaviours
- Wellness model “health is achieved through wellness”
o Wellness: pleasurable, purposeful, and balanced lifestyle; a process, not a state.
o Working on yourself all the time
o There are SEVEN interrelated dimensions of wellness:
1. Emotional
2. Intellectual
3. Physical
4. Social/Cultural
5. Environmental
6. Occupational
7. Spiritual
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