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NSG 520 Exam 2 Study Guide Latest Update Actual Exam Questions and 100% Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed A+ Approved by the Professor$20.49
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NSG 520 Exam 2 Study Guide Latest Update
2024-2025 Actual Exam Questions and 100%
Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed A+
Approved by the Professor
Articulate secondary conditions associated with the various types of strokes -
CORRECT ANSWER: Cerebral edema (ischemic)
-Secondary effect of ischemic event regardless of location
-Intravascular fluids diffuse into neural tissues, passing blood-brain barrier =
inflammation
-~2-3 days after stoke, brain cannot expand bc skull, compresses tissues → can cause
herniation and death
Classify a burn according to the extent and degree of injury - CORRECT ANSWER: -
Burns are a product of thermal, chemical, or electrical damage to the skin
As a result of sever damage to the skin, produces systemic derangements with the
body's ability to enact an effective immune response
Following a burn, mortality is most often a product of secondary pneumonia and other
infections processes
Burns are classified by the extent of the tissue involvement and degree of burn
The amount of skin involved with a burn is most-often described by the rule of 9's, which
breaks the body into 12 sections, 11 of which equal 9% of the body, and 1 equaling 1%
(representing the groin)→the more skin involved, the more chance of an infection
A first-degree burn: is superficial and involves only the epidermis. This produces
temporary changes in pigmentation and cause some degree of pain with the involved
skin peeling off approximately 5 - 10 days after the burn. This is most often the product
,of a sunburn. No medical treatment is needed; however, 1st degree burns should be
avoided, as changes in the epidermis can lead to an increased risk of developing skin
cancer
Second degree burn: involves the full depth of the epidermis and some amount of
underlying dermal tissues. Blistering occurs with these types of injuries, with minimal
complications from burns with limited dermal involvement. Deeper dermal burns will
result in scarring and have a risk of infection. When infections occur, damage can
progress the burn to full-thickness 3rd degree burn.
Third Degree Burn: those that advance into tissues underlying the dermis. As all dermal
tissues are destroyed, these burns will lack sensation and protective functions of the
skin. Risk of infection is significant; and all involved areas will be replaced with scar
tissue.
Classify a traumatic brain injury in accordance with the primary classifications for injury
(i.e., mechanism, hemorrhage, lesions, and severity) - CORRECT ANSWER: Open
-Allows entry of environmental contaminants into cranial vault
-Fragment of bone may directly damage neural tissue, meninges may have CSF leak
-Penetrating, most often related to violence
---Missile - bullet or explosive fragmentation
---Non-missile - i.e knife
-Antibiotics to decrease chance of meningitis or abscess formation
Closed
-Hematoma (EDH, SDH, SDH)
-Epidural Hematoma (2% of TBI): occur due to rupture of the smaller arteries between
the bony tissues of the skull and dura mater. Since these vessels are small they have a
higher arterial pressure. These injuries may appear lucid and free of symptoms they can
be insidiously fatal. It is because the hematoma will expand under high pressure and
build up until the collapse of the dura mater; causing a high velocity indentation which
can cause comatose status or instant fatality and 1/3 only goes to fatal.
,o Subdural Hematoma (15% of occurrences and more common): Primarily due to
venous vessels within subdural space so blood collects under low pressure.
▪ Most common in elderly because cerebral atrophy will cause vessels to stretch to
bridge the gap formed between the dura and the arachnoid mater. Therefore these
vessels are prone to sheering from something mild like a fall at home.
▪ Being significant enough to lead to brain herniation, to mild enough to produce no
neurological clinical effect. Because blood will collect under conditions of low pressure,
symptoms may not develop for 2-3 weeks after a mild injury
Contusion
-Bruise of brain, formed of hemorrhage, infarcted and necrotic tissue
-Coup injury - contusion at site of direct trauma
-Contercoup - contusion at opposite site of direct trauma because of RECOIL
Diffuse axonal injury
-Whiplash
-Damage to axons throughout CNS due to traumatic acceleration then deceleration
-Axon may be completely severed;
Compare and contrast the physiological impact of various types of strokes, including
TIA, ischemic, and hemorrhagic - CORRECT ANSWER: Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
-Ischemic event where symptoms resolve rapidly
-24 hours is a commonly used boundary between TIA and stroke
Ischemic- 80%
-Blockage due to a thrombosis or embolus; deprives cells of glucose and oxygen
---Ischemic death of brain tissue
-Hypoperfusion due to reduced circulation or small vessel disease
-Loss of function coordinates with location of lesion
, Hypoxic ischemia
-Severe hypotension or strangulation
-Blood flow is inadequate to meet metabolic requirements of brain
-Portions of cerebrum with least vascularization are first to experiences ischemia
---Anterior - frontal and parietal
---Posterior - occipital; contralateral blindness
---Subcortical - proximal arm and face weakness
Hemorrhagic
-Rupture of an aneurysm or vessel within brain tissue or surrounding space
Compare and contrast the various clinical presentations for the types of traumatic
hemorrhagic events (i.e., SDH, EDH, and SAH) - CORRECT ANSWER: Both EDH and
SDH may cause mass effect severe enough to cause brain herniation
Epidural hematoma (EDH)
-Rupture of arterial blood supply dissecting the dura
Subdural hematoma (SDH)
-Rupture of venous supply bridging the dural space
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
-Rupture of subarachnoid vessels
-Cerebral dysfunction occurs bc increased intracranial pressure and from toxic effects of
subarachnoid blood on brain tissue and cerebral vessels
-Can cause secondary strokes
Compare the functional impact and potential for prosthesis utilization for various levels
of limb amputation - CORRECT ANSWER: Amputation: surgical procedure to remove all
or part of a limb, either due to a traumatic event or non-traumatic disease process
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