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TEST BANK FOR Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems 11th Edition
TEST BANK FOR Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems 11th Edition
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TEST BANK FORLewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and
Management of Clinical Problems 11th Edition
Authors: Mariann M. Harding, Jeffrey Kwong, Dottie Roberts, Debra Hagler, Courtney Reinisch
Table of Contents
Section One – Concepts in Nursing Practice
Chapter 1: Professional Nursing
Chapter 2: Health Equity and Culturally Competent Care
Chapter 3: Health History and Physical Examination
Chapter 4: Patient and Caregiver Teaching
Chapter 5: Chronic Illness and Older Adults
Section Two – Problems Related to Comfort and
Coping
Chapter 6: Stress Management
Chapter 7: Sleep and Sleep Disorders
Chapter 8: Pain
Chapter 9: Palliative and End-of-Life Care
Chapter 10: Substance Use Disorders
Section Three – Problems Related to Homeostasis and Protection
Chapter 11: Inflammation and Healing
Chapter 12: Genetics
Chapter 13: Immune Responses and Transplantation
Chapter 14: Infection
Chapter 15: Cancer
Chapter 16: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances
Section Four – Perioperative Care
Chapter 17: Management: Preoperative Care
Chapter 18: Management: Intraoperative Care
Chapter 19: Management: Postoperative Care
Section Five – Problems Related to Altered Sensory Input
Chapter 20: Assessment and Management: Visual Problems
Chapter 21: Assessment and Management: Auditory Problems
Chapter 22: Assessment: Integumentary System
Chapter 23: Management: Integumentary Problems
Chapter 24: Management: Burns
Section Six – Problems of Oxygenation: Ventilation
Chapter 25: Assessment: Respiratory System
Chapter 26: Management: Upper Respiratory Problems
Chapter 27: Management: Lower Respiratory Problems
Chapter 28: Management: Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
Section Seven – Problems of Oxygenation: Transport
Chapter 29: Assessment: Hematologic System
Chapter 30: Management: Hematologic Problems
Section Eight – Problems of Oxygenation: Perfusion
Chapter 31: Assessment: Cardiovascular System
Chapter 32: Management: Hypertension
Chapter 33: Management: Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome
Chapter 34: Management: Heart Failure
Chapter 35: Management: Dysrhythmias
Chapter 36: Management: Inflammatory and Structural Heart Disorders
Chapter 37: Management: Vascular Disorders
,Section Nine – Problems of Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination
Chapter 38: Assessment: Gastrointestinal System
Chapter 39: Management: Nutritional Problems
Chapter 40: Management: Obesity
Chapter 41: Management: Upper Gastrointestinal Problems
Chapter 42: Management: Lower Gastrointestinal Problems
Chapter 43: Management: Liver, Biliary Tract, Pancreas
Section Ten – Problems of Urinary Function
Chapter 44: Assessment: Urinary System
Chapter 45: Management: Renal and Urologic Problems
Chapter 46: Management: Acute Renal Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease
Section Eleven – Problems Related to Regulatory and Reproductive Mechanisms
Chapter 47: Assessment: Endocrine System
Chapter 48: Management: Diabetes Mellitus
Chapter 49: Management: Endocrine Problems
Chapter 50: Assessment: Reproductive System
Chapter 51: Management: Breast Disorders
Chapter 52: Management: Sexually Transmitted Infections
Chapter 53: Management: Female Reproductive Problems
Chapter 54: Management: Male Reproductive Problems
Section Twelve – Problems Related to Movement and Coordination
Chapter 55: Assessment: Nervous System
Chapter 56: Management: Acute Intracranial Problems
Chapter 57: Management: Stroke
Chapter 58: Management: Chronic Neurologic Problems
Chapter 59: Management: Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia
Chapter 60: Management: Peripheral Nerve and Spinal Cord Problems
Chapter 61: Assessment: Musculoskeletal System
Chapter 62: Management: Musculoskeletal Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery
Chapter 63: Management: Musculoskeletal Problems
Chapter 64: Management: Arthritis and Connective Tissue Diseases
Section Thirteen – Nursing Care in Specialized Settings
Chapter 65: Management: Critical Care
Chapter 66: Management: Shock, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, and Multiple Organ
Dysfunction Syndrome
Chapter 67: Management: Respiratory Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Chapter 68: Management: Emergency Care Situations
I’ll expand on the topics related to "Taxation of Business Entities," providing a more detailed exploration. This overview wi ll cover fundamental concepts, applications, and implications relevant to the study of
business taxation.---### Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be categorized based on ownership st ructure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial
for determining tax obligations and benefits.- **Sole Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form
1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax filing but also means personal liability for debts and obligations. - **Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals, partnerships do not pay federal income
taxes. Instead, they are considered pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates. Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while partners receive Schedule K -1 to report
their share on their returns.- **Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide limited liability protection to their owners (shareholders). C -Corporations face double taxation: once at the
corporate level on profits and again at the individual level when dividends are distributed. S -Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through entities but have restrictions on ownership and number of
shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the flexibility of partnerships with the liability protection of corporations. An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprietorship,
partnership, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effective business planning. -
**Sole Proprietorships**: - Income is taxed at the owner’s individual tax rate. All profits and losses are reported on the owner’s tax return. This simplicity, however, can expose owners to significant personal
risk.- **Partnerships**: - Each partner reports their share of income and losses on their personal returns, allowing for loss deductions. Partners are also subject to self-employment taxes on their share of the
income, which can significantly impact tax liability.- **Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed at the corporate tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level. S -Corporations
avoid double taxation, but there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholders. - **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole proprietorships for tax
purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed as a corporation if beneficial.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1. Income RecognitionIncom e recognition is a
fundamental principle in taxation, determining when income must be reported. - **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can choose between cash and accrual methods. Cash accounting recognizes
income when received and expens es when paid, making it straightforward. Accrual accounting recogni zes income when earned and expens es when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it relates to, but can
complicate cash flow management.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting tax liability. - **Ordinary and Necessary Expens es**: - The IRS allows deductions for expens es that
are ordinary (common in the industry) and necessary (helpful and appropriate for the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, sal aries, and professional fees.- **Limits on Deductions**: - Certain
expenses, such as meals and entertainment, have speci fic limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effective tax planning.#### 3. Tax CreditsTax credits directly
reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples include the Research and Development (R&D) tax credit, which encourages innovation, and
the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) for hiring individuals from certain target groups.### Specific Business Entity Taxatio n#### 1. PartnershipsPartnerships are a popular choice for many businesses due to
their flexible structure.- **Pass-Through Taxation**: - Income is reported on individual partners’ returns, preventing double taxation. However, partners
Chapter 1. Professional Nursing
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The nurse completes an admission database and explains that the plan of care and
discharge goals will be developed with the patients input. The patient states, How is this different
from what the doctor does? Which response would be most appropriate for the nurse to make?
a. The role of the nurse is to administer medications and other treatments prescribed by your
doctor.
b. The nurses job is to help the doctor by collecting information and communicating any
problems that occur.
c. Nurses perform many of the same procedures as the doctor, but nurses are with the
, patients for a longer time than the doctor.
d. In addition to caring for you while you are sick, the nurses will assist you to develop an
individualized plan to maintain your health.
ANS: D
This response is consistent with the American Nurses Association (ANA) definition of nursing,
which describes the role of nurses in promoting health. The other responses describe some of the
dependent and collaborative functions of the nursing role but do not accurately describe the
nurses role in the health care system.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (comprehension) REF: 3
TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment
2. The nurse describes to a student nurse how to use evidence-based practice guidelines
when caring for patients. Which statement, if made by the nurse, would be the most accurate?
a. Inferences from clinical research studies are used as a guide.
b. Patient care is based on clinical judgment, experience, and traditions.
c. Data are evaluated to show that the patient outcomes are consistently met.
d. Recommendations are based on research, clinical expertise, and patient preferences.
ANS: D
Evidence-based practice (EBP) is the use of the best research-based evidence combined with
clinician expertise. Clinical judgment based on the nurses clinical experience is part of EBP, but
clinical decision making should also incorporate current research and research-based guidelines.
Evaluation of patient outcomes is important, but interventions should be based on research from
randomized control studies with a large number of subjects.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember (knowledge) REF: 11
TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment
I’ll expand on the topics related to "Taxation of Business Entities," providing a more detailed exploration. This overview wi ll cover fundamental concepts, applications, and implications relevant to the study of business taxation. ---###
Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be categorized based on ownership struct ure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial for determining tax obligations and benefits. - **Sole
Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax filing but also means personal liability for
debts and obligations.- **Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals, partnerships do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered pass -through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners' individual rates.
Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while partners receive Schedule K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide limited liability protection to their owners
(shareholders). C-Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level when dividends are distributed. S -Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through entities but have restrictions on
ownership and number of shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the flexibility of partnerships with the liability protection of corporations. An LLC can choose to be taxed as a sole proprietorship,
partnership, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implications of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effective business planning. - **Sole Proprietorships**: -
Income is taxed at the owner’s individual tax rate. All profits and losses are reported on the owner’s tax return. This simplicity, however, can expose owners to significant personal risk. - **Partnerships**: - Each partner reports their share of
income and losses on their personal returns, allowing for loss deductions. Partners are also subject to self-employment taxes on their share of the income, which can significantly impact tax liability. - **Corporations**: - C-Corporations are
taxed at the corporate tax rat e (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level. S -Corporations avoid double taxation, but there are restrictions on the number and type of shareholders. - **Limited Liability Companies
(LLCs)**: - By default, single-member LLCs are treat ed as sole proprietorships for tax purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed as a corporation if benefi cial.### Key Tax
Concepts#### 1. Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundamental principle in taxation, determining when income must be reported.- **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses can choose between cash and accrual methods.
Cash accounting recognizes income when received and expens es when paid, making it straightforward. Accrual accounting recogni zes income when earned and expenses when incurred, aligning revenue with the period it relates to, but can
complicate cash flow management.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxable income, directly impacting tax liability. - **Ordinary and Necessary Expens es**: - The IRS allows deductions for expens es that are ordinary (common in the
industry) and necessary (helpful and appropriat e for the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, salaries, and professional fees.- **Limits on Deductions**: - Certain expenses, such as meals and entertainment, have specifi c
limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effective tax planning.#### 3. Tax CreditsTax credits directly reduce the tax liability, providing a dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes owed.-
**Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples include the Research and Development (R&D) tax credit, which encourages innovation, and the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) for hiring individuals from cert ain target groups.### Specific
Business Entity Taxation#### 1. PartnershipsPartnerships are a popular choice for many businesses due to their flexible structure. - **Pass-Through Taxation**: - Income is reported on individual partners’ returns, preventing double
taxation. However, partners
3. The nurse teaches a student nurse about how to apply the nursing process when providing
patient care. Which statement, if made by the student nurse, indicates that teaching was
successful?
a. The nursing process is a scientific-based method of diagnosing the patients health care
problems.
b. The nursing process is a problem-solving tool used to identify and treat patients health
care needs.
c. The nursing process is based on nursing theory that incorporates the biopsychosocial
nature of humans.
d. The nursing process is used primarily to explain nursing interventions to other health care
professionals.
ANS: B
The nursing process is a problem-solving approach to the identification and treatment of patients
problems. Diagnosis is only one phase of the nursing process. The primary use of the nursing
process is in patient care, not to establish nursing theory or explain nursing interventions to other
health care professionals.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand (comprehension) REF: 7
TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation MSC: NCLEX: Safe and Effective Care Environment
, 4. A patient has been admitted to the hospital for surgery and tells the nurse, I do not feel
comfortable leaving my children with my parents. Which action should the nurse take next?
a. Reassure the patient that these feelings are common for parents.
b. Have the patient call the children to ensure that they are doing well.
c. Gather more data about the patients feelings about the child-care arrangements.
d. Call the patients parents to determine whether adequate child care is being provided.
ANS: C
Since a complete assessment is necessary in order to identify a problem and choose an appropriate
intervention, the nurses first action should be to obtain more information. The other actions may
be appropriate, but more assessment is needed before the best intervention can be chosen.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application) REF: 6-7
OBJ: Special Questions: Prioritization TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Psychosocial Integrity
5. A patient who is paralyzed on the left side of the body after a stroke develops a pressure
ulcer on the left hip. Which nursing diagnosis is most appropriate?
a. Impaired physical mobility related to left-sided paralysis
b. Risk for impaired tissue integrity related to left-sided weakness
c. Impaired skin integrity related to altered circulation and pressure
d. Ineffective tissue perfusion related to inability to move independently
ANS: C
The patients major problem is the impaired skin integrity as demonstrated by the presence of a
pressure ulcer. The nurse is able to treat the cause of altered circulation and pressure by
frequently repositioning the patient. Although left-sided weakness is a problem for the patient,
the nurse cannot treat the weakness. The risk for diagnosis is not appropriate for this patient, who
already has impaired tissue integrity. The patient does have ineffective tissue perfusion, but the
impaired skin integrity diagnosis indicates more clearly what the health problem is.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application) REF: 7-9
TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity
I’ll expand on the topics related to "Taxation of Business Entities," providing a more detailed exploration. This overview wi ll cover fundamental concepts, applications, and implications relevant to the study of business taxation. ---###
Overview of Business Entities#### 1. Types of Business EntitiesBusiness entities can be categorized based on ownership struct ure and tax treatment. Understanding these types is crucial for determining tax obligations and benefits. -
**Sole Proprietorships**: - Owned by a single individual, this is the simplest form of business entity. Income is reported on the owner’s personal tax return (Form 1040, Schedule C), which simplifies tax filing but also means personal
liability for debts and obligations.- **Partnerships**: - Consisting of two or more individuals, partnerships do not pay federal income taxes. Instead, they are considered pass-through entities, meaning income is taxed at the partners'
individual rates. Form 1065 is used to report partnership income, while partners receive Schedul e K-1 to report their share on their returns.- **Corporations**: - Corporations are separate legal entities that provide limited liability
protection to their owners (shareholders). C-Corporations face double taxation: once at the corporate level on profits and again at the individual level when dividends are distributed. S -Corporations, on the other hand, are pass-through
entities but have restrictions on ownership and number of shareholders. - **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - LLCs combine the flexibility of partnerships with the liability protection of corporations. An LLC can choose to be
taxed as a sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation, allowing for strategic tax planning. ### 2. Tax Implicati ons of Each Entity TypeUnderstanding the tax implications of each entity type is critical for effective business planning. -
**Sole Proprietorships**: - Income is taxed at the owner’s individual tax rate. All profits and losses are reported on the owner’s tax return. This simplicity, however, can expose owners to significant personal risk. - **Partnerships**: -
Each partner reports their share of income and losses on their personal returns, allowing for loss deductions. Partners are also subject to self-employment taxes on their share of the income, which can significantly impact tax liability. -
**Corporations**: - C-Corporations are taxed at the corporat e tax rate (currently 21%). Dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level. S -Corporations avoid double taxation, but there are restrictions on the number and type of
shareholders.- **Limited Liability Companies (LLCs)**: - By default, single-member LLCs are treated as sole proprietorships for tax purposes, while multi-member LLCs are treated as partnerships. However, they can elect to be taxed
as a corporation if benefici al.### Key Tax Concepts#### 1. Income RecognitionIncome recognition is a fundament al principle in taxation, determining when income must be reported.- **Cash vs. Accrual Accounting**: - Businesses
can choose between cash and accrual methods. Cash accounting recognizes income when received and expens es when paid, making it straightforward. Accrual accounting recogni zes income when earned and expens es when incurred,
aligning revenue with the period it relates to, but can complicate cash flow management.#### 2. DeductionsDeductions reduce taxabl e income, directl y impacting tax liability.- **Ordinary and Necess ary Expenses**: - The IRS allows
deductions for expenses that are ordinary (common in the industry) and necessary (helpful and appropriat e for the business). Common deductions include rent, utilities, sal aries, and professional fees.- **Limits on Deductions**: -
Certain expenses, such as meals and entertainment, have speci fic limits (e.g., meals are typically only 50% deductible). Understanding these limits is vital for effective tax planning.#### 3. Tax CreditsTax credits directly reduce the tax
liability, providing a dollar-for-dollar reduction of taxes owed.- **Types of Tax Credits**: - Examples include the Research and Development (R&D) tax credit, which encourages innovation, and the Work Opportunity Tax Credit
(WOTC) for hiring individuals from certain target groups.### Specific Business Entity Taxation#### 1. PartnershipsPartnerships are a popular choice for many businesses due to their flexible structure. - **Pass-Through Taxation**: -
Income is reported on individual partners’ returns, preventing double taxation. However, partners
6. A patient with a bacterial infection has a nursing diagnosis of deficient fluid volume
related to excessive diaphoresis. Which outcome would the nurse recognize as most appropriate
for this patient?
a. Patient has a balanced intake and output.
b. Patients bedding is changed when it becomes damp.
c. Patient understands the need for increased fluid intake.
d. Patients skin remains cool and dry throughout hospitalization.
ANS: A
This statement gives measurable data showing resolution of the problem of deficient fluid
volume that was identified in the nursing diagnosis statement. The other statements would not
indicate that the problem of deficient fluid volume was resolved.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application) REF: 7-9
TOP: Nursing Process: Planning MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity
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