Exam (elaborations)
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS RESISTANCE (AMR) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS RESISTANCE (AMR) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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Name: Score:34 Multiple choice questions
Definition 1 of 34
genetic change
Transposon-mediated resistance (Transposon)
Resistance plasmid (Resistance factor, R factor)
Most drug-resistant microbes emerge as a result of
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis by antimicrobial
,Definition 2 of 34
1- MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
- bacteria resistant to the action of methicillin
- related beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillin and cephalosporin).
- S. aureus develop into two types of MRSA:
1- HA is hospital acquired.
2- CA is community acquired.
2-VRSA (Vancomycin-resistant Staph. aureus)
3-VRE (Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci).
4-ESBL Extended-Spectrum beta-lactamase
- producing Gram-negative bacteria
- plasmid-associated beta lactamases
- found in the Enterobacteriaceae
- capable of hydrolyzing
1- penicillins
2- many narrow spectrum cephalosporins
3- many extended-spectrum cephalosporins
4- monobactams
5-Mycobacterium tuberculosis: INH, rifampin.
- Infections that are acquired during a hospital visit are called "hospital acquired infections" or
nosocomial infections.
- when the infectious disease is picked up in the non-hospital setting it is considered
"community acquired"
Resistant pathogens
Selective Toxicity
ideal antimicrobial drug
antimicrobial drugs
,Definition 3 of 34
- extra chromosomal
- double stranded
- circular DNA molecules
- carry gene for different of enzymes that can degrade antibiotics and modify membrane
transport system
Plasmids
Reasons for bacterial resistance
Resistance plasmid (Resistance factor, R factor)
The Future of Chemotherapeutic Agents
Definition 4 of 34
- Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S (30S and 50S)
- Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S (40S and 60S)
- Drugs can selectively target translation
1- Chloramphenicol ,erythromycin clindamycin act on the 50S subunit
2- tetracycline and aminoglycosides act on the 30S subunits.
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis by antimicrobial
Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes
Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways
, Definition 5 of 34
- drugs form channel through cytoplasmic membrane and damage its integrity.
- Polymyxin disrupts cytoplasmic membranes of Gram-negatives
- Amphotericin B attaches to ergosterol in fungal membranes. (bacteria lack sterols not
susceptible )
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
The Future of Chemotherapeutic Agents
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes
Definition 6 of 34
1- Define the plasmid
2- Why it is important
3- Resistance plasmid
Origin of Drug Resistance
Plasmid-mediated resistance
Why plasmid is very important
Transposon-mediated resistance (Transposon)
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