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NCE Exam - Research and Program Evaluation Exam
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NCE Exam - Research and ProgramEvaluation Exam
Experimental research - - the process of gathering data in order to make
evaluative comparisons regarding different situations.
- The experiment - - The most valuable type of research
(used to discover cause-and-effect relationships)
- You need at least 30 individuals to conduct a 'true' experiment. - -
Correlational research requires 30 subjects per variable.
- Quasi-experiment - - Uses PRE-EXISTING groups, so the independent
variable (IV) cannot be altered (i.e., gender or ethnicity), and can't state with
any statistical confidence that the IV caused the dependent variable (DV).
- Correlation research is quasi-experimental and does not yield _____ - ____
data. - - cause-effect
- Parsimony
(also known as Occam's Razor) - - interpreting the results in the simplest
ways
(Literally a tendency to be miserly and not overspend.)
- Ex post facto study - - A type of quasi-experiment (literally means 'after
the fact') connoting a correlational study in which preexisting groups are
utilized
- Independent variable - - the variable the researcher manipulates, controls,
alters, or wishes to experiment with
(memory: 'I' manipulate the IV)
- Dependent variable - - expresses the outcome or the data regarding
factors one wants to measure
(memory: 'D' in dependent and data)
- Internal validity - - Refers to whether the DVs were truly influenced by the
experimental IVs or whether other factors had an impact.
- Threats to internal validity - - maturation of subjects (psychological and
physical changes including fatigue due to time involved), mortality (subjects
withdrawing), instruments used to measure the behavior or trait, or
statistical regression (notion that extremely high or low scores would move
toward the mean if utilized again)
, - External validity - - Refers to whether the experimental research results
can be generalized to larger populations (other people, settings, conditions).
[If the results of the study only apply to the population in the study then
external validity is LOW.]
- Causal Comparative design - - a true experiment WITHOUT random
assignment
(Data from the causal comparative ex post factor [after the fact] design can
be analyzed with a test of significance [t test or ANOVA] just like any true
experiment.)
- Factor analysis - - Statistical procedure to summarize MANY variables.
(i.e., A test measuring a counselors ability may try to describe 3 important
variables that make up an effective helper although hundreds exist.)
- Chi-square - - Nonparametric statistical measure that tests whether a
distribution differs significantly from an expected theoretical distribution of
scores.
(Memory: ''chi' like 'chi-a pet' that I expected more from)
- Occam's Razor
(also known as Lloyd Morgan's 1894 Canon) - - suggests experimenters
interpret the results in the simplest manner.
- William of Occam - - 14th century philosopher and theologian.
(Occam's Razor, aka 'parsimony' named for)
- Bubbles in research - - Considered flaws in research (i.e., rubbing a sticker
on car and getting no bubbles - impossible)
- Confounded or flawed variable - - Undesirable variables that invalidate
experiments.
(The only experimental variable should be the independent variable.)
- Nondirective is to person-centered as - - parsimony is to Occam's Razor
(both are synonymous)
- Most counselors see themselves as practitioners, not researchers. - - ...
- Confounding - - occurs when an undesirable variable (also known as
contaminating variable) which is not controlled by the researcher is
introduced in the experiment.
- An experiment is confounded when - - undesirable variables are not kept
out of the experiment.
, - Basic research - - is conducted to advance our understanding of theory.
- Applied research
(aka 'action research' or experience-near research) - - is conducted to
advance our knowledge of how theories, skills, and techniques can be used
in terms of practical application.
- In experimental terminology, IV stands for _____ ______, and DV stands for
______ _______. - - independent variable, dependent variable
- Variable - - a behavior or circumstance that can exist on at least two levels
or conditions.
(a factor that 'varies' or is capable of change)
- The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the - - IV or
independent variable
("I am the researcher so I manipulate or experiment with the IV.")
- Experimental ethics - - subjects informed of risk, negative after effects
removed, allow subjects to withdraw at any time, confidentiality of subjects
is protected, results will be presented in an accurate format that is not
misleading, and will use only techniques trained in.
- Research is a necessary factor for professionalism in counseling. - - ...
- To conduct an experiment with a hypothesis, one needs - - a control group
and an experimental group.
- The control group - - does not receive the IV
(same characteristics of the experimental group - the averages between the
two groups should not differ significantly)
- The experimental group - - received the IV
(has the same characteristics of the control group the averages between the
two groups should not differ significantly)
- Surveys should include at least 100 people. - - ...
- R. A. Fisher - - pioneered hypothesis testing.
- Hypothesis - - a hunch or educated guess which can be tested utilizing the
experimental model.
A statement which can be tested regarding the relationship between the
independent (IV) and the dependent variables (DV).
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