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Pediatric GI/GU Study Set with Questions and Correct Answers
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Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System of Children -Mouth: highly vascular; entry point of infection -Esophagus: LES not fully developed until age 1, causing regurgitation -Stomach capacity: --Newborn only 10 to 20 mL --2-month-old infant 200 mL --16-year-old adolescent 1,500 mL Smal...

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Document information

  • September 23, 2024
  • 23
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

Subjects

  • pediatric gigu study set with questions and corre
  • anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal sys
  • anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal sys

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  • GU Peds
  • GU Peds

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Pediatric GI/GU Study Set with
Questions and Correct Answers
Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System of Children ✅-Mouth: highly
vascular; entry point of infection
-Esophagus: LES not fully developed until age 1, causing regurgitation
-Stomach capacity:
--Newborn only 10 to 20 mL
--2-month-old infant 200 mL
--16-year-old adolescent 1,500 mL
Small intestine-absorbs nutrients
Large intestine-water removed from stool
Rectum- defecation happens

Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System of Children Cont. ✅-Intestines:
small intestine not mature at birth
--250 cm infant versus 600 cm adult size
-Biliary system: liver relatively large at birth; pancreatic enzymes develop postnatally
until around 2 years old
-Fluid balance and losses: low fluid volume maintained

Pediatric differences ✅-Hydrochloric acid concentration is low until school age
-Fever can increase rate of propulsion
-Immature neonatal liver not yet efficient in ability to detoxify
-Small intestine to absorb nutrients
-Large intestine relatively short, with less epithelial lining to absorb water
-GI malfunction can impact normal growth and development

Pediatric differences cont. ✅-Neonate's GI tract is immature
-Infants have minimal saliva
-Swallowing is not under voluntary control until 6 weeks
-Peristalic waves may reverse in infants; peristalsis is faster
-Body fluid balance
-Insensible fluid loss

Disorders of Prenatal Development ✅-The gastrointestinal (GI) system is formed in the
first 4 weeks of embryonic development.
--Cleft lip or palate
--Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)
--Upper GI hernias
--Imperforate anus
--Gastroschisis
--Omphalocele
--Umbilical hernia

,GI Problems ✅Acute-
-Dehydration
-Vomiting and diarrhea
-Oral candidiasis and oral lesions
-Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
-Intussusception
-Malrotation
- Appendicitis
Chronic-
-Gastroesophageal reflux
-Constipation/encopresis
-Hirschsprung disease
-Celiac disease
-Recurrent abdominal pain
-Failure to thrive

Cleft Lip and Palate ✅Abnormal openings in the lip or palate
Cleft lip more common in males
Cleft palate more common in females
Separate anomalies
-Cleft lip
-Cleft palate
-Cleft lip and cleft palate
|
Anomalies
-Heart defects
-Ear malformations
-Skeletal deformities
-Genitourinary abnormality


Complications
-Feeding difficulties
-Altered dentition
-Delayed or altered speech development
-Otitis media

Most common congenital craniofacial anomaly
|
Issue is bonding w/ parents
|
1 Question on Preventing injury to suture line (photo in phone)
-risk for aspiration
-on pain medications

, Cleft Lip ✅a birth defect in which there is a deep groove of the lip running upward to
the nose as a result of the failure of this portion of the lip to close during prenatal
development
Manifestations
-Notched vermilion border
-Variable sizes can involve alveolar ridge and dental anomalies

Cleft Palate ✅the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the
fetus
Manifestations-
-Nasal distortion
-Midline or bilateral cleft
-Variable extension from uvula, soft and hard palates
-Exposed nasal cavities

Diagnostic Evaluation ✅-Observation at birth
-Utero with ultrasound
-Inspection of the lip for cleft lip
-Cleft palate- breast milk or formula comes out of nose
-Gloved finger can feel palate defect in mouth
-Flashlight to visual palate

Management ✅Based on severity
Team approach
-Surgeons
-Nurses
-Geneticists
-Psychologist
-ENT specialists
-Audiologists
-OT/Speech
-Orthodontics
-Plastic Surgeons
|
-Modification of feedings
techniques
-Infant's ability to
suck, swallow, and breath without distress
Infant's ability to handle normal secretions
|
-Cleft Lip Management
Repair of cleft lip is done ~ 2-3 months-old
Early repair increases bonding
Early repair makes feeding easier
Modifications maybe needed 4-5 years-old
|

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