ECU BIO 1100 - Final Exam Questions and Complete Solutions
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Course
ECU BIO 1100
Institution
ECU BIO 1100
Amino Acid An organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group.
At the center a an amino acid is a Carbon atom called the alpha carbon. The alpha carbon has 4 groups attached to it; A carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and a R group (side chain)
What are the characteri...
ECU BIO 1100 - Final Exam Questions
and Complete Solutions
Amino Acid ✅An organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group.
At the center a an amino acid is a Carbon atom called the alpha carbon. The alpha
carbon has 4 groups attached to it; A carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen
atom, and a R group (side chain)
What are the characteristics of an amino acids R-Group that make it likely to be
hydrophilic? ✅An amino acid becomes hydrophilic when its R-group (side chain)
contains charged, or partially charged regions or molecules. This causes the polar
molecules in the water to be attracted to the side chain.
Hydrogen Bond ✅This occurs when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an
electronegative atom, making the hydrogen atom partially positive and the oxygen
partially negative. This causes the hydrogen atom to attract nearby electronegative
atoms.
Van Der Waals Interactions ✅Weak attractions between molecules or parts of
molecules that happen because electrons are not always symmetrically distributed, and
cause ever-changing regions of positive and negative charge.
Ionic Bond ✅-The complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms.
-A type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions. In ionic bonds, the
metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the nonmetal
accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion
Covalent Bond ✅A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond
that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
Peptide bond ✅This type of covalent bond occurs when the carboxyl group of one
amino acid is adjacent to the amino group of another, and they become joined by a
dehydration reaction with the removal of a water molecule.
List bonds in order from strongest to weakest ✅Strongest: Covalent (peptide)
Ionic bond
Hydrogen bond
Weakest: Van Der Waal's Interactions
Primary structure ✅The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
, -Stabilized by: peptide (covalent) bonds
Secondary structure ✅The formation of α-helicies and β-pleated sheets
-Stabilized by: peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds
Tertiary structure ✅The overall 3-D shape of a protein.
-Stabilized by: Hydrophobic interactions (held together by van der waal interactions),
Peptide bonds, Interactions between R-groups (Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds)
-Also where disulfide bridges occur
Disulfide Bridge ✅A covalent bond that forms in tertiary structures where two cysteine
monomers are brought together by the folding of the protein, and the sulfer of each
monomer "rivet" parts of the protein together
Three types of lipids ✅Fats - composed of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol
Steroids - a family of lipids distinguished by a four-ring structure such as cholesterol
Phospholipids - consist of a glycerol that is linked to a phosphate group PO4(2-) and to
either two chains of isoprene or two fatty acids
Phospholipids ✅A glycerol that has two fatty acids attached to it and when added to
water assembles a bi-layer with hydrophobic regions on the inside and hydrophilic
regions on the outside
Unsaturated fat ✅a fatty acid with one or more double bonded carbons, therefore
reducing the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule (unsaturated with hydrogen)
Saturated fat ✅a fatty acid with no double bonds between carbons, allowing as many
hydrogen as possible to bond to the carbon skeleton.
(saturated with hydrogen)
Of a lipid bilayer with no unsaturated fatty acids (no kinks) and a lipid bilayer with many
unsaturated fatty acids (many kinks), which is more permeable? ✅The lipid bilayer with
more unsaturated fatty acids (more kinks) is more permeable, because the kinks in the
carbon chains keep them from packing tightly together.
What could be added to a lipid bilayer to allow ions to move across. ✅An integral
protein could be added. This would either pump ions across the membrane or allow
them to cross easier.
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