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NURP 531 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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NURP 531 - Exam 1 StudyGuide
Menarche Onset - Answer Begins between the ages of 12-15 y.o.
Menopause Onset - Answer Begins between the ages of 45-55 y.o.
The Ovarian Cycle - Answer Consists of the follicular and luteal phase
The Follicular Phase - Answer The first phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a
follicle enlarges and matures. This phase is under the control of FSH from the anterior
pituitary, and typically lasts from day 1 to day 14 of the menstrual cycle. The follicle
secretes estrogen during this time period.
Ends with LH surge
The Ovulation Phase - Answer The second phase of the ovarian cycle where elevated
estradiol levels results in a positive feedback to the pituitary gland.
LH surge results in progesterone production
The Luteal Phase - Answer The third phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a corpus
luteum is formed from the remnants of the follicle that has ovulated its oocyte. The
corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen during this time period, which
typically lasts from day 15 to day 28 of the menstrual cycle. Formation of the corpul
luteum is triggered by the same LH surge that triggers ovulation, however in the
absence of LH (levels quickly decline after the surge) the corpus luteum begins to
degenerate.
The Uterine or Endometrial Cycle - Answer Consists of the menstrual, proliferative, and
secretory phase
The Menstrual Cycle - Answer Cycle during which an egg develops and is released from
an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg.
The Proliferative Phase - Answer The second phase of the uterine (endometrial) cycle,
during which the endometrium. This phase of the cycle is under the control of estrogen,
secreted from the follicle developing in the ovary during this time period. The
proliferative phase typically lasts from day 4 to day 14 of the menstrual cycle.
The Secretory Phase - Answer The third phase of the uterine (endometrial) cycle, during
which the rebuilt endometrium is enhanced with glycogen and lipid stores. The
secretory phase is primarily under the control of progestogen and estrogen (secreted
,from the copus luteum during this time period), and typically lasts from day 15 to day 28
of the menstrual cycle.
The Four Working Structures for a Menstrual Cycle - Answer The uterus, the ovary, the
pituitary, and the hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus - Answer 1. Hypothalamus- releases GnRH
2. GnRH- stimulates the anterior pituitary gland
3. Anterior Pituitary gland- releases/stimulates FSH and LH
4. FSH and LH- act on the ovaries
5. Ovaries- cause estrogen and progesterone to be secreted
6. High levels of estrogen- send a signal to the anterior pituitary
7. Anterior pituitary gland- creates an FSH and LH surge 36 hours before ovulation
FSH high = estrogen low
Estrogen is a negative feedback loop to the anterior pituitary, keeping the FSH low until
estrogen levels reach a certain level and it turns into a positive feedback mechanism.
Hypothalamus/ GnRH - Answer The hypothalamus releases GnRH in a pulsative manner
GnRH will either stimulate or inhibit the pituitary gland to produce FSH and LH
Folicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Answer Stimulates follicle maturation;
spermatogenesis
When a follicle is developing, estrogen is being produced
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Answer Stimulates the cells production of androgen
Approximately 36 hours after the LH surge occurs, rupture or ovulation will occur. What
is left behind is the corpus luteum which will produce progesterone (supports the
uterine lining).
Estrogen - Answer Increases the thickness of the endometrium
Progesterone - Answer Causes the endometrium to differentiate and secrete proteins
that aid in the survival and implantation of an early embryo
The hormones released in the ovulatory cycle impact changes on the endometrium
lining? - Answer True
Ovulation is needed for progesterone to be produced in the menstrual cycle? - Answer
True
The secretory phase correlates with the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle? - Answer
, True
Menstrual Frequency - Answer Frequent- less than 24 days in between cycles
Normal- 24-38 days
Infrequent- more than 38 days
Absent- amenorrhea
Menstrual Duration - Answer Normal- 8 days or fewer
Prolonged- more than 8 days
Menstrual Regularity - Answer Normal- shortest to longest cycle, variation 7-9 days or
fewer
Irregular- shortest to longest cycle variation, 8-10 days or more
Menstrual Volume - Answer Patient determined
Menorrhagia - Answer Heavy, prolonged menstrual bleeding
Oligomenorrhea - Answer Infrequent cycles
Hypomenorrhea - Answer Light/scant flow
Polymenorrhagia - Answer Frequent cycles
Hypermenorrhea - Answer Profuse or prolonged bleeding
Metrorrhagia - Answer irregular
Metro menorrhagia - Answer irregular, heavy menstrual bleeding
IMB - Answer Intermenstrual bleeding
PCB - Answer Post-coital bleeding
Chronic Dysfunctional Bleeding - Answer Alterations in the menstrual cycle for the
majority of the preceding 6 months
Acute Dysfunctional Bleeding - Answer An episode of bleeding that warrants immediate
intervention
PALM Classification - Answer Looks at anatomical etiologies so a structural entity
P- polyps: AUB-P
A- adenomyosis: AUB-A
L- leiomyoma: AUB-L
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