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GENERAL BIOLOGY I - BSC 1010C - CUMULATIVE FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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GENERAL BIOLOGY I - BSC 1010C - CUMULATIVE FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024

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  • September 22, 2024
  • 16
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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  • general biology i bsc 1010c cumulative final e

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GENERAL BIOLOGY I - BSC 1010C -
CUMULATIVE FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
IdentifyXandXdescribeXtheXstepsXofXtheXscientificXmethod.X-XANSWERX1)XObserveXtheXsituation.

2)XAskXaXquestionXrelatedXtoXyourXobservations.

3)XTurnXthatXquestionXintoXaXtestableXhypothesisXandXpredictXtheXoutcomeXofXyourXexperiment.

4)XTestXtheXhypothesisXbyXdesigningXandXperformingXanXexperiment.

5)XAnalyzeXtheXresults.

6)XEvaluateXyourXhypothesis;XdoesXtheXdataXsupportXit?



WhatXisXaXhypothesis?X-XANSWERXAXtentativeXanswerXtoXaXscientificXquestion.



DescribeXdescentXwithXmodification.XWhyXareXcells,XDNA,Xmutations,XandXreproductiveXsuccessXimportantX
toXthisXconcept?X-XANSWERX-
XDescentXwithXmodification:XPassingXtraitsXfromXparentXtoXoffspring,XaXlineXofXancestryXthatXmeansXchange.

XAsXlivingXorganismsXliveXandXevolveXtheyXslowlyXchangeXoverXtime.



-XCells:XCarryXtheXDNA

-
XDNA:XGeneticXmakeup;XincludesXinstructionsXtoXmakeXproteins.XSmallXmodificationsXoccurXinXDNAXeveryXti

meXanXoffspringXdescendsXfromXitsXparents.XTheseXmodificationsXhappenXbecauseXofXreplicationXandXreco
mbinationXofXtheXparents'XDNAXandXbecauseXofXrandomXmutationsXinXtheXresultingXDNAXofXtheXoffspring.

-
XMutations:XChangesXinXDNA.XRandomXmutationsXoccurXwhenXparentsXreproduceXresultingXinXtheXDNAXofXt

heXoffspringXchanging.

-
XSexualXreproduction:XSmallXmodificationsXoccurXinXDNAXeveryXtimeXanXoffspringXdescendsXfromXitsXparent

s.

-
XReproductiveXsuccess:XToXevolveXandXchangeXoverXtime,XyouXneedXtoXbeXableXtoXreproduce.XThisXallowsXth

eXmixingXofXDNAXandXmutationsXtoXbothXfurtherXtheXexistenceXofXanXorganism.

,WhatXisXnaturalXselection?XHowXdoesXitXrelateXtoXtheXtheoryXofXevolution?X-XANSWERX-
XNaturalXselectionXisXaXprocessXinXwhichXindividualsXwithXcertainXheritableXtraitsXsurviveXandXreproduceXatX

aXhigherXrateXthanXdoXotherXindividualsXbecauseXofXthoseXtraits.X

-
XThisXrelatesXtoXevolutionXbecauseXtheXinheritedXtraitsXareXpassedXonXthroughXsexualXreproductionXuntilXon

lyXthoseXfavorableXtraitsXexist.XTheXtraitsXareXevolvingXwithXtimeXthroughXnaturalXselectionXandXinheritedXtr
aitsXthatXallowXtheXorganismXtoXsurviveXandXreproduceXsuccessfully.



NaturalXselectionXdescribesXhowXtheXlivingXandXnonlivingXcomponentsXofXtheXnaturalXenvironmentXinfluen
ceXtheXsuccessX(orXlackXthereof)XofXaXpopulationXofXorganisms.XDescribeXhowXanXenvironmentXcanXdictateXt
heXsuccessXofXaXpopulationXofXorganismsXandXdescribeXtheXrandomXchangesXtheXorganismsXcanXundergoXto
XimproveXtheirXabilityXtoXsurviveXandXreproduce.X-XANSWERX-

XInXaXcertainXenvironment,XsomeXorganismsXhaveXvariationsXthatXbenefitXtheirXsurvivalXoverXotherXorganis

msXwithXdifferentXtraits.

-
XForXexample,XifXthereXareX5XblackXbeetlesXandX2XblueXbeetlesXandXtheXbirdsXonlyXeatXtheXblackXones,XtheXbl

ueXonesXhaveXaXbetterXchanceXofXsurvivingXandXpassingXonXtheirXgenes.XThisXisXaXmutationXthatXoccurredXth
atXhelpedXtheXbeetlesXsurvive.XThisXisXnaturalXselectionXbecauseXtheXenvironmentXunconsciouslyXdecidesX
whatXbeetlesXareXeatenXandXwhichXonesXareXnot.

-
XLivingXthingsXcannotXinitiateXevolutionXthemselvesXsinceXtheXprocessXhappensXoverXtime;Xhowever,XtheyXa

reXableXtoXadaptXtoXtheirXenvironmentsXifXtheyXhaveXadvantageousXtraits.



WhichXfourXelementsXrepresentXtheXgreatestXproportionXofXaXlivingXorganism?X-
XANSWERXOxygen,Xcarbon,Xhydrogen,XandXnitrogen.




WhatXcharacteristicXofXanXelementXsetsXitXapartXfromXaXdifferentXtypeXofXatom?X-
XANSWERXAnXelementXisXdefinedXbyXitsXatomicXnumberX(numberXofXprotons).




WhatXareXisotopes?X-
XANSWERXAnXisotopeXisXoneXofXseveralXatomicXformsXofXanXelement,XeachXwithXtheXsameXnumberXofXproto

nsXbutXaXdifferentXnumberXofXneutrons,XthusXdifferingXinXatomicXmass.



WhatXisXaXhydrogenXbond?XIsXaXhydrogenXbondXweakerXorXstrongerXthanXaXcovalentXbond?XIsXitXweakerXorXs
trongerXthanXanXionicXbond?X-
XANSWERXAXhydrogenXbondXisXanXattractionXbetweenXaXhydrogenXatomXandXanXelectronegativeX(polar)Xato

, m;XtheXpositiveXpartialXenergyXofXanXHXatomXinXoneXmoleculeXformsXaXbondXwithXtheXnegativeXpartialXener
gyXofXanotherXmolecule,XsuchXasXinXH2O.XItXisXweakerXthanXbothXaXcovalentXbondXandXanXionicXbond.



WhatXisXaXcovalentXbond?XWhatXisXtheXdifferenceXbetweenXaXpolarXandXaXnonpolarXcovalentXbond?X-
XANSWERXAXpolarXcovalentXbondXisXwhenXanXatomXisXbondedXtoXaXmoreXelectronegativeXatom;XasXaXresult,X

theyXformXpartialXenergiesXandXshareXelectronsXunequally.XAXnon-
polarXcovalentXbondXisXaXcovalentXbondXbetweenXtwoXatomsXofXtheXsameXelement,XtheXelectronsXareXshar
edXequallyXbecauseXtheXtwoXatomsXhaveXtheXsameXelectronegativity.



WhatXdoesXelectronegativityXhaveXtoXdoXwithXtheXformationXofXaXpolarXorXnonpolarXcovalentXbond?X-
XANSWERXPolarXbondsXtendXtoXbeXmoreXelectronegativeXthanXnonpolarXbonds.




WhatXareXhydrogenXbonds?XDoXtheyXoccurXasXaXresultXofXpolarXcovalentXbonds?X-
XANSWERXAXhydrogenXbondXisXanXattractionXbetweenXaXhydrogenXatomXandXanXelectronegativeX(polar)Xato

m.XItXoccursXasXaXresultXofXaXpolarXcovalentXbond.



WhatXisXtheXspecificXheatXofXwater?XHowXisXitXmeasured?XHowXdoesXwater'sXspecificXheatXcompareXtoXothe
rXsolvents'XspecificXheat?XWhatXpropertiesXofXwaterXallowXitXtoXhaveXaXhighXspecificXheat,XandXwhatXeffectXd
oesXitXhaveXonXtheXbiosphere'sXclimate?X-
XANSWERXTheXspecificXheatXisXtheXamountXofXheatXthatXmustXbeXabsorbedXorXlostXforX1XgramXofXthatXsubsta

nceXtoXchangeXitsXtemperatureXbyX1XdegreeXCelsius.XWaterXhasXaXmuchXhigherXspecificXheatXcomparedXtoXo
therXsolvents,XmeaningXthatXitXisXresistantXtoXfluctuationsXinXtemperature.XTheXhighXheatXofXvaporizationXisX
aXpropertyXofXwaterXthatXallowsXitXtoXhaveXthisXhighXspecificXheat.XTheXeffectsXonXtheXbiosphere'sXclimateXa
reXthatXbecauseXofXitsXhighXspecificXheat,XtheXwaterXthatXcoversXmostXofXEarthXkeepsXtemperatureXfluctuati
onsXonXlandXandXinXwaterXwithinXlimitsXthatXpermitXlife.XBecauseXorganismsXareXmadeXmostlyXofXwaterX(50-
95%),XtheyXareXbetterXableXtoXresistXchangesXinXtheirXownXtemperatureXthanXifXtheyXwereXmadeXofXaXliquidX
withXaXlowerXspecificXheat.



WhatXareXtheXemergentXpropertiesXofXwaterXinXtheXsolidXphaseXandXhowXdoXtheyXsupportXlife?X-
XANSWERXTheXemergentXpropertiesXofXwaterXinXtheXsolidXphaseX(ice)XareXitsXstableXhydrogenXbonds.XTheyXc

auseXinsulationXofXbodiesXofXwaterXbyXfloatingXice.XWhenXwaterXfreezes,XaXcrystallineXalignmentXofXwaterX
moleculesXforms.XSinceXiceXisXlessXdenseXthanXliquidXwater,XitXfloatsXonXtopXofXtheXwater.XIfXallXtheXwaterXfro
zeXatXonceXinsteadXofXgradually,XconditionsXwouldXnotXbeXsuitableXforXlivingXandXallXtheXorganismsXwouldXdi
e.



DescribeXhowXcovalentXbondsXandXhydrogenXbondsXapplyXtoXwaterXmolecules.X-
XANSWERXPolarXcovalentXbondsXholdXoxygenXandXhydrogenXatomsXtogether,XandXhydrogenXbondingXattract

sXwaterXmolecules,XmakingXupXwater.

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