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advanced pathophysiology NR 507 final exam Questions and Answers Fully Solved
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advanced pathophysiology NR 507 finalexam
Fat Soluble Hormones - answer Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones - answer Need 2nd Messenger to transport across
phospholipid membranes
Pituitary Hormones - answerTSH, GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, Oxytocin, ADH, Melanocyte
Stimulating Hormone
Anterior Pituitary - answerAcct for 75% of total weight of pituitary gland. Three regions,
pars distalis, parts tuberalis, and pars intermedia. Pars distalis is major component of
Anterior Pituitary and source of Anterior Pituitary Hormones.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) - answerArises from 3rd ventricle of brain,
consists of three parts, median eminence, pituitary stalk, and infundibular process (pars
nervosa or neural tube). Median eminence is composed mainly of nerve endings of
axons that arise primarily from ventral hypothalamus.
Hypothalamic releasing Hormones in Posterior pituitary's median eminence. -
answerIncludes 10 hypothalamic releasing hormones and neurotransmitters such as
dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine.
Pituitary stalk - answercontains axons of neurons that originate in the supraoptic and
paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Hormones of posterior pituitary - answerADH, and Oxytocin (Peptide Hormones)
ADH (antidiuretic Hormone) - answerMajor homeostatic function of posterior pituitary is
control of plasma osmolality, as regulated by ADH
Hypothalamic hormones and target tissues (Hypophysiotropic hormones) -
answerHORMONES: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH), Gonadotropoin-releasing
hormone (GnRH), Somatostatin, Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH),
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
Substance P, Dopamine, Prolactin-releasing factor.
TARGET Tissue: Anterior Pituitary
Somatostatin - answerInhibits release of growth hormone and TSH
,Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone - answerStimulates release of FSH and LH
Dopamine - answerInhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin
Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) - answerStimulate secretion of prolactin
Tropic Hormones of Anterior Pituitary and their function - answerACTH, Melanocyte-
stimulating Hormone (MSH, Somatotropic hormones, GH, prolactin, LH, TSH, FSH,
glycoprotein hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - answerSECRETORY CELL TYPE: Corticotropic
TARGET ORGANS: Adrenal Gland (cortex)
FUNCTIONS: Increased steroidogenesis (cortisol, and androgenic hormones
Prolactin, - answerMilk production
TSH - answerIncreased production and secretion of thyroid hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - answerOvulation, progesterone production (in glanulosa
cells)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - answerFollicle maturation, estrogen production (In
Women: Granulosa Cells, In Men: Sertoli Cells)
B-Lipotropin - answerFat breakdown and release of fatty acids (Corticotropic, from
Adipose Cells)
B-Endorphins - answerAnalgesia; may regulate body temp, food and water intake
(Corticotropic, Adipose cells, brain opioid receptors)
ADH functions - answerHomeostasis, control plasma osmolality. Acts of Vasopressin 2
(V2) receptors of renal tubular cells to increase permeability which leads to increased
water reabsorption into the blood and production of more concentrated urine, these may
be inhibited by hypercalcemia, prostaglandin E, and hypokalemia.
Osmoreceptors - answer
High levels of ADH - answerActs on Vasopressin 1 receptors causing vasoconstriction
ADH secretion is controlled by: - answerosmoreceptors of the hypothalamus. Stimulated
by increased plasma osmolality, then ADH secretion is increased, water is then
reabsorbed from the kidney, and plasma is diluted to its' setpoint osmolality (280
mOsm/kg). ADH has an indirect affect on electrolyte levels due to increased water
reabsorption. Electrolytes may decrease.
, ADH secretion is also increased by changes in intravascular volume monitored by
mechanoreceptors in left atrium and carotid and aortic arches. Volume loss through
trauma (7%-25%) acts on receptors to stimulate ADH secretion.
ADH secretion decreased with: - answerDecrease in plasma osmolality, increase in
intravascular volume, hypertension, increase in estrogen, progesterone, angiotensin II
levels, and alcohol ingestion
ADH (given as Vasopressin) may help to: - answerIncrease BP and to achieve
hemostasis during volume loss during shock states.
Oxytocin - answerResponsible for contraction of uterus and milk ejection in lactation,
and may effect sperm motility in men. Oxytocin is stimulated by sucking and mechanical
distention of femaile reproduction tract. Oxytocin binds to myoepithelial cells in
mammary tissues and causes the contraction of those cells. "let down" reflex
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary - answerACTH, MSH, LH, GH, FSH, and TSH
Anterior Pituitary composed of two main cell types: - answerChromophobes, and
chromophils
Chromophobes appear to be non-secretory, and Chromophils are secretory cells of the
adenohypophysis.
Chromophils and its' seven secretory cell types - answer
Regulation of anterior pituitary is achieved by: - answerfeedback from hypothalamic
releasing-inhibitory hormones and factors, and feedback from target gland hormones
(cortisol, estrogen).
Growth Hormone secretion is controlled by 2 hormones from the __________________,
______________________and ________________ - answerhypothalamus, Growth
Hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) which releases, and somatostatin which inhibits
GH.
GH is released by the? - answerGH is released from the pituitary in a pulsatile fashion,
and overall secretion peaks during adolescence.
GH is essential for what? - answerGrowth, effects of aging, sleep, nutritional status,
stress, and reproductive hormones
Anabolic functions of GH are mediated by? - answerpartially by insulin-like growth
factors (IGF's) or also called somatomedins.
IGF (insulin-like growth factors) - answerIGF-1, and IGF-2, IGF-1 most biologically
active. IGF-2 causes a negative effect on tissue thus balancing IGF-1
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