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ARCO Test 1 Complete Questions And Answers | Verified
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ARCO Test 1 Complete Questions And Answers | Verified
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ARCO Test 1 Complete Questions AndAnswers | Verified
What is archaeology? CORRECT ANSWERS Archaeologists think of it as describing
'lives' of material objects; think about lives of people who made, used + disposed of
objects
Antiquarians CORRECT ANSWERS historians interested in archaeological material
Hawkes' Ladder of Inference CORRECT ANSWERS Religious ideology
Social + political organisation
Subsistence economics
Production techniques
History CORRECT ANSWERS In its technical sense -> period of human history that is
documented by written records
Prehistory CORRECT ANSWERS A period wherein archaeological remains are key
source of info
John Lubbock (1834-1913) CORRECT ANSWERS First synthesis of archaeology,
presenting a framework for interpreting the archaeological record through comparative
methods; mentor was Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace CORRECT ANSWERS Theory of evolution by
natural selection
Evolution CORRECT ANSWERS Reference to how memories of a category become
transformed over generations so that descendants do not look like their ancestors
Sequences CORRECT ANSWERS Evolution often traced archaeologically to find
sequence of change; early years focused on
Functional explanations CORRECT ANSWERS Refer to roles that objects or system
has; works better on systems that have been built or are static; not good at explaining
change due to fixed nature
Evolutionary mechanisms: variation CORRECT ANSWERS Between individuals,
fundamental requirement for evolutionary change (biologically + culturally created)
Evolutionary mechanisms: selection CORRECT ANSWERS Of only some variation for
transmission to next generation; key mechanism in creating shifts in a population over
time (think natural selection)
, Evolutionary mechanisms: transmission CORRECT ANSWERS Needed for selection
(ie. biology= genes, culture= more diverse)
Evolutionary mechanisms: modularity CORRECT ANSWERS Individual is a modified
version of the previous generation but still needs to be functionally effective (change w/
no dire consequences)
Evolutionary mechanisms: feedback CORRECT ANSWERS Not just individual
responding to the world (think niche construction)
Herbert Spencer CORRECT ANSWERS "survival of the fittest"
Sites CORRECT ANSWERS Cluster or concentration of material that yields evidence
about human behaviour
Variations in vegetation CORRECT ANSWERS Positive= darker marks: high soil
moisture content + root growth
Negative= lighter marks: low soil moisture + slow root growth
Field survey CORRECT ANSWERS Primary means of locating sites; pedestrian tactics;
discern natural + cultural features; assess abundance
Probability sampling CORRECT ANSWERS Statistically random choice of units;
stratification
Advs= less bias
Disadv= areas may be over or under represented, sites missed
Purposeful sampling CORRECT ANSWERS Explicit selection of areas suited to
answering a specific question
Adv= more data + target areas
Disadv= not representative of entire landscape
Systematic sampling CORRECT ANSWERS Gridding up an area; ensure that a portion
of every area is sampled (can be random, all others placed in relation to first one)
Square (survey units) CORRECT ANSWERS Provide good estimates of site numbers-
difficult to locate + poor info on settlement pattern
Transects (rectangles) CORRECT ANSWERS Good for settlement patterns, site
variability + density, easy to locate- tend to overestimate site numbers
Survey intensity measurement factors CORRECT ANSWERS 1. Portion of ground
surface sited- determined by interval between surveyors
> 2-3m between people is optimal to find all sites
> Time constraints mean larger gaps are employed- penalty of seeing only a portion of
ground surface
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