total parenteral nutrition 3:1
(TPN). - correct answer total parenteral nutrition
The general daily caloric requirement for adult patients on TPN - correct answer
2,500 to 3,000.
The primary goals of TPN are to - correct answer • Replace nutritional deficits •
Promote wound healing • Increase weight or limit the degreemf weight loss • Prevent malnutrition, lack
of sufficient or proper nutrition • Maintain nutritional balance
TPN solutions are made up of both - correct answer macronutrients, which serve as
the energy source, and micronutrients, which are added for additional nutritional benefit.
There are two ways of preparing TPN: - correct answer • Gravity method •
Automated compounder machines
Prior to administration, the technician mmt follow a few guidelines to avoid contamination and
destabilization of the TPN: - correct answer • Follow procedures regarding facilities
and equipment for aseptic preparation. • Perform drug and diluent volume calculations in the
anteroom. • Perform decontamination procedures in the buffer area. • Prepare the solution in the
direct compounding area (DCA).
To begin preparation of a TPN: - correct answer • Make the base, which consists of
the macronutrients. • Take care to follow the correct mixing order for compatibility. For example, mixing
fat and dextrose directly leads to destabilization of the TPN.
TPN may get destabilized in a number of ways, including: - correct answer •
Creaming-accumulation of triglycerides, or fat particles found in humans and animals, on top of the
solution • Cracking-separation of the oil and water parts of the TPN solution • Coalescence-fusion of
small triglyceride particles into larger particles • Aggregation-lumping of triglyceride particles within the
TPN solution
,Consider the following points when preparing the micronutrients: - correct answer
• Draw each micronutrient individually. • Refer to the manufacturer instructions for compatibility and
mixing order information. • Set up the drawn vials for pharmacist verification, particularly when
involving compounds with potential incompatibility. Alternatively, use an automated compounder to
program the correct amounts as is done for the base or the macronutrients.
Special Considerations When Preparing TPNS - correct answer • Strictly use aseptic
technique. • Immediately refrigerate or use the prepared TPNS. • Infuse or discard the hung TPNS within
24 hours. • TPNS with lipids are filtered using a 1.2 micron filter. TPNS without lipids use a 0.2 micron
filter. • Warm TPNS to room temperature for about an hour before infusion. • Use infusion pumps when
available. • Monitor patients' vital signs and laboratory values every 4 to 6 hours. • If TPN must be
stopped suddenly, give D1OW at the same rate as that of the TPN. • Label the TPN and include
ingredients and amounts, infusion rate, expiration date, preparer, and pharmacist signatures.
• TPN solutions must be prepared using - correct answer aseptic technique.
• The primary goals of TPN are to - correct answer replace nutritional deficits, to
promote healing, to increase weight or to limit the degree of weight loss, to prevent malnutrition, and
to maintain nutritional balance.
• The energy sources for TPN solutions are - correct answer macronutrients such as
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
TPN solutions used for long-term therapy contain - correct answer electrolytes such
as potassium, sodium, magnesium, and phosphorous.
• TPN solutions can be prepared using - correct answer the gravity method or
automated compounder machines.
chemotherapeutic medications, - correct answer section 3:2
Chemotherapeutic agents - correct answer antineoplastic drugs, used to kill cancer
cells. However, these agents are toxic to both cancerous and healthy cells. Chemotherapy agents are
commonly administered in chemotherapy clinics, hospitals, and home settings.
, Cancer is - correct answer a collective term for various neoplastic diseases and is
characterized by the overgrowth of tissue due to uncontrolled division of abnormal cells. Cancerous cells
are malignant and not benign.
benign cells, - correct answer which aren't health threatening,
malignant cells - correct answer can cause disease or death.
metastasize, - correct answer they can spread to other healthy tissues.
Chemotherapeutic Agent Preparation - correct answer Some signs of exposure can
include, but aren't limited to, the following: • Skin rashes • Reproductive abnormalities •
Gastrointestinal effects • Respiratory effects • Cancer
The following are steps to take to handle hazardous drugs properly: - correct answer
• Prepare drugs in biological safety cabinets (BSC) or a compounding aseptic containment isolator
(CACI), which is a special hood that takes air in from the top, passes it through a HEPA filter, and then
directs the filtered air downwards toward the work surface. • Use personal protective equipment. • Use
appropriate waste containers and bags marked with cautionary words, phrases, or symbols. • Place
special leak-proof pads on the work surface to catch any spills. • Place only necessary items in the BSC.
Follow the given guidelines when handling hazardous substances and their containers: - correct answer
• Discard accumulated trash in appropriate, clearly marked waste containers. • Open packaging of
supply items, such as syringes, and tubing before opening the hazardous drug container. This allows the
discarding of normal trash instead of overusing the hazardous waste containers. • Prime the tubing
before adding a hazardous substance. • Use needle-free devices, such as closed system transfer devices
(CSTD), that have filters to avoid spraying.
Cleanup Procedures - correct answer Following are cleanup guidelines for
chemotherapeutic agents: • In cases of large spills, the area must be restricted and an absorbent pad
must be used. • For spills on the skin, the area should be washed with soap and water immediately. •
Contact of drugs with the eye should be followed by a three- to five-minute rinse. • Surfaces where
hazardous drugs are prepared should be sampled by swabbing and tested every six months.
