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CRIM 102 Exam 2 with complete solutions 2024_2025
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CRIM 102 Exam 2 with complete solutions 2024_2025
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CRIM 102 Exam 2 with complete solutions2024/2025
Deterrence Theory - ANSWER-motivation to commit crime can be reduced
through formal legal sanctions
What are the 4 Assumptions of Deterrence? - ANSWER-1) Humans have free will
2) Guided by reason
3) Rational decisions made based on costs/benefits analysis
4) Legal sanctions deter crime by increasing the cost of crime
What does the deterrence doctrine say? - ANSWER-In order to deter, punishment
must be:
Swift
Certain
Severe
General Deterrence - ANSWER-Punishment deters the criminal offending of the
general public
Sentenced offenders serve as models/examples
Specific Deterrence - ANSWER-Punishment deters the future criminal offending
of the sentenced offender
What are the 4 waves of Deterrence Research? - ANSWER-1) Aggregate Research
2) Cross-Sectional Research
3) Longitudinal Research
4) Scenario/Vignette Research
Aggregate Research - ANSWER-Examine rates
, Cross-Sectional Research - ANSWER-Data collected at one point in time
Longitudinal Research - ANSWER-Data collected at multiple points in time
Scenario/Vignette Research - ANSWER-Participants given hypothetical scenarios
and then asked what they would do
Objective Deterrence Research - ANSWER-Looked to see whether arrest rates
(certainty)(IV) and the length of prison sentences (severity)(IV) had any effect on
crime rates (DV)
Objective Deterrence Hypothesis - ANSWER-An increase in any of the IVs (arrest
rates/length of sentences) will have a negative effect on crime rates
Looked at general deterrence
What did the Objective Deterrence Research Find? - ANSWER-Weak support for
CERTAINTY (arrest rates)
No support for SEVERITY (length of sentence)
SWIFTNESS has been ignored
What were some limitations of Objective Deterrence Research? - ANSWER-Cross-
sectional data
Measurement problems
Weak statistical power
Inability to control for spuriousness
Perceptual Deterrence - ANSWER-the perceived certainty, severity, and swiftness
of punishment are inversely related to the decisions by would-be offenders to
commit crime.
Perceptual Deterrence Research - ANSWER-Asked individuals to estimate:
1) Risk of sanction certainty
2) Consequences associated with own involvement in crime
What kind of Data did Perceptual Deterrence Research Utilize? - ANSWER-Survey
Data
Perceptual Deterrence Hypothesis - ANSWER-An increase in an individuals'
perceptions of certainty/severity of punishment will have a negative effect on
crime
Shifted from general to specific deterrence
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