Patho NUR 280 - Exam 1 Questions And Verified Detailed Answers
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what is the purpose of the plasma membrane?
barrier- keeps inside stuff in the cell and outside stuff outside of the cell
what is the mechanism of the sodium potassium pump?
active transport of Na/K: exchange for each other across cell membrane
in what direction are sodium ions in higher concentration when the sodium potassium
pump is at work?
outside
Where are the potassium ions more concentrated in the action of sodium potassium
pump?
inside
During the failure of the sodium potassium pump, where are the potassium and sodium
ions transported?
Na in, K out - cell malfunction
What is the role of mitochondria?
energy producer
What type of metabolism does mitochondria require?
aerobic - w/ oxygen
Mitochondria has own special what?
DNA - different from what's in the nucleus of the cell
What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
synthesizes lipids
What is rough endoplasmic reticulum?
,rough because of ribosomes
transport proteins
What happens in the ribosomes?
protein synthesis
What diminishes protein synthesis activity?
absence of O2 - hypoxia
(ribosomes make too little proteins)
What does the cell nucleus do?
mastermind
What happens in the nucleus regarding DNA?
replication - transcription
What is DNA made of?
nucleotides include purine and pyrimidine bases
What is the comparison of transcription and translation?
Transcription- in cell nucleus -DNA helix unwinds/separates ---> single strand RNA.
mRNA- instructions
tRNA- amino acids per instructions
Translation- in ribosomes; protein!!
What is mRNA?
, messenger; form of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the
ribosome
What is tRNA?
transfer RNA; form of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
What is rRNA?
ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome
What causes cellular injury?
lots of different agents that harm the cell
How do cells cope in the short term?
maintain homeostasis
What do cells develop in cel injury in the long term?
Cells develop either adaptive or maladaptive changes. Overwhelming insult causes cell
death
What are adaptive changes?
atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia
What is atrophy?
smaller cell size - paralysis causes shrinkage of skeletal muscle
What is hypertrophy?
bigger cell size - heart muscle cell enlarges because of hypertension
What is hyperplasia?
more cells (increased number) - estrogen stimulates breast cell growth in pregnancy
What is metaplasia?
change in one cell type for another - GERD causes esophageal cells to be replaced by
stomach lining cell
What are examples of maladaptive changes?
dysplasia, neoplasia
What is dysplasia?
deranged cell growth - cervical cell dysplasia on a pap smear
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