Oral stage - ANSWER--infant's primary interaction with world is through mouth, oral
stimulation through sucking and tasting
Anal stage - ANSWER--primary focus of libido was on controlling bladder and bowel
movements
-toilet training is primary issue, too much pressure can result in excessive need for order
or cleanliness later in life, too little pressure from parents can lead to messy or
destructive behavior later in life
Phallic stage - ANSWER--focus of id's energy is on genitals, children become aware of
gender identity
Latent stage - ANSWER--focus of id's energy is on genitals, children become aware of
gender identity
Genital stage - ANSWER--onset of puberty causing libido to become active
-strong interest in opposite sex, individual will continue to develop into well-balanced
person
Piaget Stages of Development - ANSWER-Sensorimotor (0-2)
Preoperational thought (2.5 - 6/7)
Concrete operations (7-11)
Formal Operations (11-18)
Sensorimotor Stage - ANSWER--learn primarily through sensory input and action
-object permanence, causality, symbolic thought
Preoperational Thought - ANSWER--child is able to use words and images to refer to
objects
Concrete operations - ANSWER-- think logically but have difficulty with abstracts or
hypotheticals
,Formal Operations - ANSWER-- can think abstractly, use deductive reasoning, and
systematically plan
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages - ANSWER-1. Trust vs Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
3. Initiative vs Guilt
4. Industry vs Inferiority
5. Identity vs Identity Diffusion
6. Intimacy vs Isolation
7. Generativity vs Self-Absorption
8. Integrity vs Despair
Trust vs Mistrust - ANSWER-Children begin to learn the ability to trust others based
upon the consistency of their caregiver(s).
Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt - ANSWER-Between the ages of 1 and 3, children begin
to assert their independence by walking away from their mother. If encouraged it fosters
independence, if criticized it leads to feeling unable to survive and over dependence on
parent.
Initiative vs Guilt - ANSWER-Children assert themselves more frequently, if encouraged
they feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions; if discouraged
children develop a sense of guilt and lack self-initiative.
Industry vs Inferiority - ANSWER-Children begin to develop a sense of pride in their
accomplishments. If encouraged and they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in
their ability to achieve goals. If not encouraged they feel inferior, doubting their abilities
and failing to reach their potential.
Identity vs Role Confusion - ANSWER-During adolescence, transition from childhood to
adulthood and children become more independent, looking to their futures.
Intimacy vs Isolation - ANSWER-In young adulthood, individuals begin to share
themselves with others and explore relationships . Successful completion leads to
commitment, while unsuccessful completion leads fear of intimacy & commitment.
Generativity vs Stagnation - ANSWER-During middle adulthood, individuals establish
careers, settle down within relationships, begin families, and develop a sense of being a
part of the bigger picture. They give back to society through raising children, being
productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations.
Ego Integrity vs Despair - ANSWER-As individuals grow older and become senior
citizens, they tend to slow down and explore life as retired people. If they view life as
unproductive or failed to accomplish goals it can lead to depression.
, Behaviorist Theory - ANSWER-(Pavlov, Skinner)—learning is viewed through change in
behavior and the stimuli in the external environment are the locus of learning. Social
workers aim to change the external environment in order to bring about desired change.
Cognitive Theory - ANSWER-(Piaget)—learning is viewed through internal mental
processes (including insight, information processing, memory, and perception) and the
locus of learning is internal cognitive structures. Social workers aim to develop
opportunities to foster capacity and skills to improve learning.
Humanistic Theory - ANSWER-(Maslow)—learning is viewed as a person's activities
aimed at reaching his or her full potential, and the locus of learning is in meeting
cognitive and other needs. Social workers aim to develop the whole person.
Systems theory - ANSWER-- A system is comprised of several parts, and when one
thing changes within a system the whole system is affected
- understanding person in environment is essential to identifying barriers or
opportunities for change
Theory of Moral Development - ANSWER-Lawrence Kohlberg
- believes moral development parallels cognitive development
- moral reasoning (basis for ethical behavior) has 6 developmental stages
- a person must pass through each stage without skipping
- stages are grouped as pre conventional (before 9), conventional (early adolescence),
and post conventional (adult)
Individual Psychology - ANSWER-Alfred Adler
- belief that the main motivations for human behavior are not sexual or aggressive urges
but striving for perfection
Defense Mechanisms - ANSWER-Behaviors that protect people from anxiety. They are
automatic, involuntary, usually unconscious psychological activities to exclude
unacceptable thoughts, urges, threats, and impulses from awareness for fear of
disapproval, punishment, or other negative outcomes.
Social Theory - ANSWER-(Bandura)—learning is obtained between people and their
environment and their interactions and observations in social contexts. Social workers
establish opportunities for conversation and participation to occur.
Common defense mechanisms - ANSWER-
Harm Reduction Model to Drug Addiction - ANSWER-Seeks to reduce or minimize the
adverse health and social consequences associated with substance use without
requiring a client to discontinue use.
Addiction Stages of Treatment - ANSWER-1. Stabilization
2. Rehabilitation
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