BIOD Exam 6 Questions With Solutions
How does the internal organization of a prokaryotic cell compare to that of a eukaryotic cell?
Prok: less organized, less DNA, no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles, presence of a
cell wall; Presence of plasmids
Briefly describe the main features of the...
How does the internal organization of a prokaryotic cell compare to that of a eukaryotic cell?
Prok: less organized, less DNA, no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles, presence of a
cell wall; Presence of plasmids
Briefly describe the main features of the bacterial cell wall Alternating sugars of NAM
(N-acetylglucosamine) and NAG (N-acetylmuramic acid) cross-linked together by polypeptides
What is a Gram-stain (technique) and why is it performed? A Gram-stain is used to
identify different types of bacteria based on their cell walls. The technique involves crystal violet
dye, iodine, alcohol wash, and a final red dye.
Describe the cell of a Gram-positive bacterium and that of a Gram-negative bacterium. What
color will each be after? Gram-positive cells have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall
surrounding the plasma membrane. Gram-staining will result in a purple cell, as the cell wall
traps the crystal violet/iodine complex.
Gram-negative cells are more complex and have an outer membrane composed of
lipopolysaccharides, then a thin peptidoglycan cell wall that surrounds the plasma membrane.
Gram-staining will result in red to pink cells as the crystal violet/iodine complex is washed out of
the thin cell wall layer.
, BIOD Exam 6 Questions With Solutions
What are the major hallmarks of the innate arm and the adaptive arm? Innate: inborn; it is
the same for everyone; rapid response; crude defenses; physical barriers; antimicrobrial proteins,
and specific innate cells
Adaptive: develops over time (slower response) ; high specificity; retains long-term memory; has
specific cells
What are the major cells of the innate arm of the immune system? Neutrophils,
lymphocytes (NK cells are the lymphocytes of the innate arm), monocytes (macrophages and
dendritic cells), eosinophils, and basophils.
The normal range for an adult patient's WBC count is 4,000-11,000 microliters. If results showed
15,000 microliters what could be a possible explanation? They have an infection, and
there is an increase WBC volume to fight the infection
If a patient has more basophils than lymphocytes present, what is a possible explanation?
They are experiencing a severe allergic reaction
, BIOD Exam 6 Questions With Solutions
The adaptive arm can be further subdivided into what two types of responses? What cells are part
of each subdivision? 1. Humoral: B cells and antibodies
2. Cell-mediated: T cells (helper and CTL)
What is the benefit of having memory cells? The response is faster and stronger
T/F: B cells directly secrete antibodies False. Plasma cells are the antibody-secreting cells
Which cell is known to overlap within both arms of the immune system? NK cells. They
have roles in the innate system (direct killing) and in the adaptive system (antibody-dependent
cytotoxicity)
Describe the following:
epitope, pathogen, and antigen Epitope- a small section of the antigen take from the
pathogen that is presented to cells of the adaptive arm
Pathogen- invading foreign substance(s) that is attempting to infect a host
Antigen- a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body,
especially the production of antibodies.
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