PSYC 302 Final Exam (Answered) 395 Questions & answers 2024 latest version
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PSYC 302 Final Exam (Answered) 395 Questions
& answers 2024 latest version
What are some *threats* to *construct validity*? - CORRECT ANSWER1. loose
connection between theory and study
2. changes in research participants' behaviors that result from their tendency to alter
their behavior bec...
PSYC 302 Final Exam (Answered) 395 Questions
& answers 2024 latest version
What are some *threats* to *construct validity*? - CORRECT ANSWER1. loose
connection between theory and study
2. changes in research participants' behaviors that result from their tendency to alter
their behavior because they are being studied. Effects such as:
- "good-subject" response
- Hawthorne effect
- social desirability responding [impression management]
- evaluation apprehension
- responses to experimenter expectancies
How can threats to construct validity be controlled or minimized? - CORRECT
ANSWER- double-blind procedures
- single-blind procedures
- deception
The four dimensions of research validity are interrelated and not independent of one
another - CORRECT ANSWERTRUE
- statistical conclusion validity is needed for all
- internal validity is needed for construct validity
- at least statistical conclusion and internal validity is needed for external validity
What is a test? - CORRECT ANSWERused to refer to both a measurement tool or
device
What is a study? - CORRECT ANSWERan investigation or an assessment of the
relationships between variables
What are the qualities of a good test? - CORRECT ANSWER1. the reliability of its
scores
2. [test and measurement and psychometric] validity (the appropriateness of inferences
drawn from the test's scores)
What are the qualities of a good study? - CORRECT ANSWERhigh levels of research
validity (i.e., internal, external, statistical conclusion, and construct)
T/F A well designed research study should use Random Assignment before Random
Sampling. - CORRECT ANSWERTRUE
T/F Not all studies are experiments. - CORRECT ANSWERTRUE
,When do you use a t-test? - CORRECT ANSWERWhen comparing the means of 2
different groups
within-subjects design = dependent t-test
- when comparing exam scores from exam 1 and exam 2 in one class
between-subjects design = independent t-test
- when comparing exam 1 scores between two different classes
When do you use ANOVA? - CORRECT ANSWERWhen you are comparing the means
of more than 2 groups.
When do you use a chi-square? - CORRECT ANSWERevaluates frequency of data to
establish whether 2 (or more) categorical variables are related
When do you use a correlation? - CORRECT ANSWERwhen you want to know the
strength of the relationship between only 1 dependent variable and 1 independent
variable
When do you use a regression? - CORRECT ANSWERwhen you want to know the
strength of the relationship between 2 or more dependent variables
book def: predicting the value of one variable from another based on their correlation
Correlation, reliability and psychometric validity are all? - CORRECT ANSWERwithin
What is the definition of psychology? - CORRECT ANSWERscientific study of behavior
What is the definition of science? - CORRECT ANSWEROne of several ways or
methods of *acquiring knowledge about behavior*. Seeks to develop theoretical and
empirical explanations of behavioral phenomena.
Science is a method of _______? - CORRECT ANSWERinquiry
- it is the application of logic to empirical evidence
What are the nonscientific methods of acquiring knowledge? - CORRECT ANSWER-
tenacity
- common sense
- intuition
- mysticism
- authority
What is the definition of tenacity? - CORRECT ANSWER*a method of acquiring
knowledge based on superstition or habit*
,mere exposure - development of a positive attitude toward something as a function of
increased familiarity with it (e.g., political ads and internet banners
What are some limitations of tenacity? - CORRECT ANSWERyou only believe in
something because you've been exposed to it continually ("Make America Great Again")
- may not actually be able to "make America great again"
What are Quasi-experimental designs? - CORRECT ANSWERare research studies in
which participants are selected for *different* conditions from pre-existing groups and
self-selection into groups
Q designs are studies in which the IV are? - CORRECT ANSWERselected from pre-
existing values and not created through manipulation by the researcher
How are preexisting groups formed? - CORRECT ANSWERby self-selected groups
ex. smokers vs nonsmokers
What is a central issue of quasi-experimental designs? - CORRECT ANSWERresearch
validity
What is the basic difference between true and quasi-experimental designs? -
CORRECT ANSWERrandom assignment
A quasi-experimental design DOES NOT permit the researcher to control what? -
CORRECT ANSWERthe assignment of participants to conditions or groups
How are Quasi-experimental designs characterized? - CORRECT ANSWER*lower
levels of control* over the WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, and HOW of the study
What is a nonequivalent control groups design? - CORRECT ANSWERa research
design that has both experimental and control groups but the participants are NOT
randomly assigned to these groups
- most common type of Q design
What is the problem with nonequivalent control group designs? - CORRECT
ANSWERthe problem is knowing how to compare the results between groups when
they are not equivalent to begin with
- interpretability depends on whether the pattern of results obtained can be accounted
for by possible differences between the groups or by something else in the study
-- ceiling effects
-- floor effects
What is a ceiling effect? - CORRECT ANSWERis the level at which an independent
variable no longer has an effect on a dependent variable, or the level above which
variance in an independent variable is no longer measured or estimated
, - example: 2 profs teaching the same class, students in one class constantly was in the
98% on exams > while the other class started at 20% then moved up to 98%. One
would not be able to deem the first prof as better because their teaching methods may
have had nothing to do with the student's high grades (could be that they're just smart
and would get those high grades no matter who the prof was)
What is a floor effect? - CORRECT ANSWER(aka, Basement Effect) is when
measurements of the dependent variable result in very low scores on the measurement
scale.
How can we further enhance or improve the interpret-ability of nonequivalent control
group designs? - CORRECT ANSWER1. matching [limitation: only controls for KNOWN
factors]
2. identifying and building extraneous variables into the design or study as moderator
variables
3. pretesting—empirically documenting the degree of nonequivalence
4. if nonequivalent, as per pretest data, then can use a number of statistical control
procedures (as
previously discussed) to covary out or control for preexisting differences
What are the examples of nonequivalent control group designs? - CORRECT
ANSWER*delayed control group designs*: design in which the testing of one group is
deferred
- i.e., the two groups are tested sequentially with an appreciable time interval between
them]
- ex. testing impact of a natural disaster or London bombings (2005)
*mixed factorial designs*: design in which there is one between-subjects variable and
one within-subjects variable
- at least one factor has to be naturally occurring or not RA (*between-subjects variable
= preexisting/naturally occurring*)
What are the designs without control groups? - CORRECT ANSWER*Interrupted Time-
Series Designs*: these designs allow the same group to be compared over time by
considering the trend of the data before and after the treatment
- graph of uninsured rate diving in 2013 pg. 5
*Multiple Time-Series Design*: A variation of interrupted time-series design, which is
really NOT a design without a control group.
- used as a control for interrupted time-series {control and experimental group are
included to rule out HISTORY as a rival hypothesis}
- example: life satisfaction and marriage
*Repeated Treatment Design*: this research design allows the same group to be
compared by measuring the participants' responses before and after repeated
treatments
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