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Test bank-Advanced Health Assessment & Clinical
Diagnosis in Primary Care 7th Edition Dains-100% Top
scores-2023-2024
Chapter 1: Clinical reasoning, differential diagnosis, evidence-based practice, and symptom ana
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Multiple Choice
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Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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ii 1. Which type of clinical decision-making is most reliable? ii ii ii ii i ii ii
A. Intuitive
B. Analytical
C. Experiential
D. Augenblick
ii 2. Which of the following is false? To obtain adequate history, health-care providers must be:
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A. Methodical and systematic ii ii
B. Attentive to the patient‘s verbal and nonverbal language ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
C. Able to accurately interpret the patient‘s responses
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D. Adept at reading into the patient‘s statements
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ii 3. Essential parts of a health history include all of the following except: ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
A. Chief complaint ii
B. History of the present illness i ii ii ii
C. Current vital signs ii ii
D. All of the above are essential history components
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ii 4. Which of the following is false? While performing the physical examination, the examiner must be able to:
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A. Differentiate between normal and abnormal findings ii ii ii ii ii
B. Recall knowledge of a range of conditions and their associated signs and symptoms
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C. Recognize how certain conditions affect the response to other conditionsii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii ii
D. Foresee unpredictable findings ii ii
ii 5. The following is the least reliable source of information for diagnostic statistics:
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A. Evidence-based investigations ii
B. Primary reports of research i ii ii
C. Estimation based on a provider‘s experience ii ii ii ii ii
D. Published meta-analyses i
ii 6. The following can be used to assist in sound clinical decision-making:
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A. Algorithm published in a peer-reviewed journal article i ii ii ii ii ii
B. Clinical practice guidelines ii ii
C. Evidence-based research ii
D. All of the above
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ii 7. If a diagnostic study has high sensitivity, this indicates a:
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A. High percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result
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B. Low percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal result
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C. Low likelihood of normal result in persons without a given condition
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D. None of the above ii ii ii
ii 8. If a diagnostic study has high specificity, this indicates a:
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A. Low percentage of healthy individuals will show a normal result
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B. High percentage of healthy individuals will show a normal result
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C. High percentage of individuals with a disorder will show a normal result
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D. Low percentage of individuals with a disorder will show an abnormal result
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ii 9. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a diagnostic test showing a:
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A. Positive result is strongly associated with the disease
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B. Negative result is strongly associated with absence of the disease
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C. Positive result is weakly associated with the disease
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D. Negative result is weakly associated with absence of the disease
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ii 10. Which of the following clinical reasoning tools is defined as evidence-based resource based on mathematical modeling
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to express the likelihood of a condition in select situations, settings, and/or patients?
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A. Clinical practice guideline ii ii
B. Clinical decision rule ii ii
C. Clinical algorithm ii
Chapter 1: Clinical reasoning, differential diagnosis, evidence-based practice, and symptom ana
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Answer Section
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MULTIPLE CHOICE ii
1. ANS: B
Croskerry (2009) describes two major types of clinical diagnostic decision-making: intuitive and analytical. Intuitive decision-
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making (similar to Augenblink decision-making) is based on the experience and intuition of the clinician and is less reliable
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andpaired with fairly common errors. In contrast, analytical decision-making is based on careful consideration and has greater
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reliability with rare errors.
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2. ANS: D
To obtain adequate history, providers must be well organized, attentive to the patient‘s verbal and nonverbal language, and
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ableto accurately interpret the patient‘s responses to questions. Rather than reading into the patient‘s statements, they clarify
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any areas of uncertainty.
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3. ANS: C
Vital signs are part of the physical examination portion of patient assessment, not part of the health history.
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4. ANS: D
While performing the physical examination, the examiner must be able to differentiate between normal and abnormal findings,
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recall knowledge of a range of conditions, including their associated signs and symptoms, recognize how certain conditions
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affectthe response to other conditions, and distinguish the relevance of varied abnormal findings.
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5. ANS: C
Sources for diagnostic statistics include textbooks, primary reports of research, and published meta-analyses. Another source of
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statistics, the one that has been most widely used and available for application to the reasoning process, is the estimation based ona
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provider‘s experience, although these are rarely accurate. Over the past decade, the availability of evidence on which to base
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clinical reasoning is improving, and there is an increasing expectation that clinical reasoning be based on scientific evidence.
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Evidence-based statistics are also increasingly being used to develop resources to facilitate clinical decision-making.
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6. ANS: D
To assist in clinical decision-making, a number of evidence-based resources have been developed to assist the
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clinician.Resources, such as algorithms and clinical practice guidelines, assist in clinical reasoning when properly
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applied.
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7. ANS: A
The sensitivity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of individuals with the target condition who show an abnormal, or
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positive,result. A high sensitivity indicates that a greater percentage of persons with the given condition will have an abnormal
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result.
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8. ANS: B
The specificity of a diagnostic study is the percentage of normal, healthy individuals who have a normal result. The greater
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thespecificity, the greater the percentage of individuals who will have negative, or normal, results if they do not have the
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target condition.
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9. ANS: A
The likelihood ratio is the probability that a positive test result will be associated with a person who has the target condition and
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anegative result will be associated with a healthy person. A likelihood ratio above 1 indicates that a positive result is associated
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with the disease; a likelihood ratio less than 1 indicates that a negative result is associated with an absence of the disease.
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10. ANS: B
Clinical decision (or prediction) rules provide another support for clinical reasoning. Clinical decision rules are evidence-
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basedresources that provide probabilistic statements regarding the likelihood that a condition exists if certain variables are met
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with regard to the prognosis of patients with specific findings. Decision rules use mathematical models and are specific to
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certain situations, settings, and/or patient characteristics.
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