97% of earth water is ocean - Answer-
/.A active-satellite, one that sends out electromagnetic waves, can beam the energy
down toward the ocean surface and determine how large the waves on the ocean are.
How much energy comes back to the satellite and how fast it returns gives information.
What is that? - Answer-a lot of backscatter means big waves as they reflect the
microwave energy
/.a significant amount of pollution comes from - Answer-ships
/.According to "Origin, dynamics and evolution of oceangarbage patches from observed
surface drifters" (van Sebille, et al), how are the great ocean garbage patches formed? -
Answer-To first order, the formation of the patches is governed by the well-established
dynamics of Ekman pumping in the subtropical gyres (Maximenko et al 2012), where
wind-driven convergence of the surface flow leads to accumulation of surface water in
the centre of the gyres. As the debris is generally less dense than seawater, it floats and
accumulates in the regions of strongest convergence near the surface.
/.According to the article "Chemical Pollution," published by the Ocean Health Index, the
pollution models that the Ocean Health Index have created possess the data and
capabilities to ______? - Answer-C is the only correct answer because the article clearly
states that this model only provides "rough estimates of pollution intensity," (para. 8). In
the same paragraph, it explains how the rest of the answers would be incorrect. It
clearly states that these models do not include all of the different types of chemicals (A)
and also adds that it is unable to distinguish which chemicals are more or less toxic (B).
Finally, the paragraph ends by saying that focal studies do not even exist yet at the
global level, only the country level, meaning (D) is inaccurate.
Source: http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/methodology/components/chemical-pollution
/.According to the article, "European Commission moves to take on plastics industry",
which measures below were in the European Commission's proposal to help reduce
plastic pollution within the World's Oceans. Select all that apply. - Answer-Under the
proposed measures, each country within the European Union would have to conduct
awareness-raising educational campaigns about the disposal of "tobacco product
filters," and producers would have to share the costs of waste management.This would
contribute significantly to the achievement of the European Union's climate goals,
avoiding about 3.4 million metric tons, or about 3.7 million tons, of carbon dioxide
emissions by 2030.
, /.According to the book review of Shifting Baselines: The Past and the Future of Ocean
Fisheries, by J. Jackson, K. Alexander and E. Sala, which statement is false regarding
"shifting baselines"? - Answer-W. Jeffrey Bolster and colleagues- maritime historians-
found that over a century ago, "marine scientists, fishery managers and maritime
historians shared the assumption that diminished fish stocks and damaged marine
ecosystems" were only the twentieth century problems, despite the fact that the Atlantic
cod was prey to hundred of years of industrial fishing. To find the "pristine state" of the
Ocean, you would have to be looking back millenia ago.
/.According to the idea of a Trophic Cascade and assuming four trophic levels exist,
what affect would a decrease in a keystone species inhabiting the secondary consumer
role have on the bottom most trophic level? - Answer-As a result of a decrease in
population of a keystone species inhabiting the third trophic level would therefore lead
to an increase in primary consumers, as a result of decreased predation, which would
then lead to a decrease in volume of the producer level due to an increase in population
of primary consumers who feed on the producer.Example: An example is the otter-
urchin-kelp interaction in Alaska (Estes and Duggins, 1995). When otters, considered to
be keystone species, are abundant, they stabilize a system of abundant kelp forest by
reducing urchin grazing (Figure 7 left). When present in low abundance, sea otters shift
the system to urchin dominance, with substantial reductions in kelp coverage and
productivity
/.According to the materials we've learned in Unit 2, which of the following sentences is
false regarding to the ocean surface? - Answer-Explanation: In the course material
"TOPEX/Poseidon: Ocean Mapping from Space", it mentions that sea surface variations
allow mapping the global ocean with remarkable structural and bathymetric detail (from
space!!!).
/.According to the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, which of the following would
explain a natural decrease in the total number of sharks in the modern world's oceans?
- Answer-C, The increase of other competing predators as well as the increase in
variability of fish abundance. Explanation: Answer choice C is correct because the
scientists at Scripps observed the first drop off of the shark population occurred when
the variability of fish abundance increased, affecting the sharks directly. Later in the
article it states that the increase of other competing predators also plays a factor in the
overall shark population. Throughout history, it seems that the structure of this
ecosystem is resilient to climate change. The ratio of fish to sharks has remained stable
despite extreme environmental changes caused by climate shifts of the past. Climate
change did little to alter the structure of the marine vertebrae so answer choice A is
incorrect. The Paleogene mass extinction did not have a significant effect on the shark
population, so answer choice B is incorrect. Answer choice D does contribute to the
decreasing shark population, however, overfishing is a not a natural occurrence.
/.According to the Whale & Dolphin Conservation (WDC), PCBs are "prime examples of
chemicals that threaten the wellbeing and survival of marine animals." Which of the
following options is NOT a contributing factor? - Answer-PCBs are linked to an
