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GMS 6440 Final exam Questions & answers | A Graded
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GMS 6440 Final exam Questions &answers | A Graded
channels vs transporters - ✔✔channels move water or ions and electrode
transporters are solute carriers or pumps
Permeability for passive diffusion - ✔✔-Ions (K+, Na+, HCO-, Ca2+, Cl-) do not cross the membrane
-hydrophobic molecules (O2, N2, CO2) pass freely
-small, uncharged, polar molecules like glycerol can move to a small extent
-large, uncharged, polar molecules like glucose and sucrose do not cross by passive diffusion
True or false: Channels only move things passively - ✔✔True
Parts of a channel: pore, selectivity filter, electric field sensor, gate - ✔✔Pore: spans the
whole membrane
Selectivity filter: allows specific charges or shapes through
Electric field sensors: sense the change in voltage or electric potential across the membrane
gate: unlocks due to ligand-receptor binding
What are the four main ion channel types? - ✔✔Ligand-gated (lock-and-key), voltage-gated (change
in potential changes the field sensor to modulate gate), leak (continuously open), and stretch-activated
(perturbation of size and pore stretch)
, Na+/K+ ATPase - ✔✔Carries out primary active transport. Made up of four subunits. Upon
hydrolysis of ATP, 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in. Happens 100+ times a minute.
What are some of the functions of Primary Active Transporters? - ✔✔-pump electrolytes out of
one compartment into another
-solute gradients for osmotic stability
-ion gradients for bioelectricity
-ion gradients for secondary active transport
What is an example of a secondary active transporter? - ✔✔Na+/Glucose transporter. Coupled
to Na+/K+ ATPase. Movement of glucose is secondary to primary active transporter.
pump-leak model - ✔✔key to remember: simultaneous but independent of each other.
When is the concentration gradient equal and opposite to the electrical gradient? - ✔✔At equilibrium
What controls an electrolyte's movement across a membrane? - ✔✔Voltage and
concentration gradient (electrical + chemical)
What controls an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential? - ✔✔Concentration and
degree of permeability of the membrane to that species
What is the equilibrium potential of K+ and Na+? - ✔✔-100 mV and +65 mV
What is the equilibrium potential of a cell and where does it come from? - ✔✔-90 mV and
comes mostly from that of K+
What is metabolic acidosis? - ✔✔excessive pH drop in the extracellular fluid which results in
a buildup of K+ in the ECF --> hyperkalemia ( >6.5mM K+).
To correct: enhance Na+/K+ ATPase by injecting insulin
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