What is incomplete dominance? - answer✔When the heterozygous plants have an intermediate
phenotype
What does intermediate phenotype mean? - answer✔The phenotype is unlike either parent
What is High Fe (HFE)? - answer✔the Hemochromatosis Type 1 gene
What is a complex trait? - answer✔Traits that are highly influenced by the environment, ex:
polygenic traits
Is a complex trait the same as a polygenic trait? - answer✔Yes, polygenic traits are controlled by
more than one gene
What does G x E = P mean? - answer✔Genes 'by' Environment equal Phenotype
G + E = P - answer✔Phenotype results from a combination of environmental effects and genetic
effects
What is the G, E and P for asparagus urine smell? - answer✔G is the olfactory receptor 2 - wild-
type alleles (OR2) vs mutant alleles(or2), E is the act of eating asparagus, and P is that OR2 can
perceive the S compounds of the asparagus and or2 cannot perceive the S compounds
What is the E factor that changes the color of hydrangea flowers? Is there a G component? -
answer✔The E factor is pH of the soil, the G component is "same genotype"
How is hemochromatosis related to food? - answer✔A homozygous person can develop
hemochromatosis if they consume an iron-rich(Fe) diet
The HFE protein controls ________ - answer✔iron uptake
What is the G, E and P in hemochromatosis Type 1? - answer✔G: HFE is the dominant wild-
type(non-disease) hfe is the recessive mutant allele associated with disease. E: Eating an Fe rich
diet. P: individuals that are homozygous or heterozygous for HFE live normal lives. hfe/hfe
individuals consuming an iron rich diet have hemochromatosis.
What is a carrier? - answer✔A person who can pass an inherited disease on to their children but
who does not have the disease
When you have hemochromatosis Type 1, what happens to Fe levels in cells? How does this
impact cell health and the health of the liver? - answer✔Excess iron accumulates in organs and
causes organ damage. In the liver, hepcidlin is secreted —> Fe is not exported from cells and
accumulates —> cells die —> organ is damaged
What is lactose intolerance? - answer✔Hypolactasia: Occurs in people who are homozygous
(recessive all lct/lct)
What is the G, E and P for hypolactasia? - answer✔G: LCT is the dominant wild-type (non-
disease allele) and lct is the recessive mutant allele associated with symptoms. E: eating dairy
products. P: lct/lct individuals consuming lactose in their diet have symptoms of lactose
intolerance, individuals that are homozygous or heterozygous for LDT can consume lactose
Why are fermented milk products and hard cheese safe for people with lactose intolerance? -
answer✔Fermentation breaks down lactose, lactose acid
What other food products have we talked about in past lectures that use lactose fermentation? -
answer✔yogurt, sour cream, creme fraiche
What is a polygenic trait? - answer✔More than 1 gene
Are polygenic traits inherited in a Mendelian manner? - answer✔Polygenic traits follow the rules
of Mendel
Are polygenic traits influenced by the environment? - answer✔Yes, strongly
Were the traits that Mendel monitored influenced by E? - answer✔No (part of the reason for his
success)
Can you provide some examples of polygenic traits in humans? - answer✔Skin and eye color
Can you provide some examples of polygenic traits in plants? - answer✔fruit diversity
What is an additive effect? - answer✔The phenotype depends on the sum of the effects of all
these gene's alleles
What is a continuous phenotype? - answer✔Genes assort independently?
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