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Statistics 101 With Complete Solutions
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Statistics 101 With Complete Solutions
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Statistics 101 With Complete SolutionsDesign Answer: Stating the goal and/or statistical question of interest and planning how to obtain
data that will address them
Description Answer: Summarizing and analyzing the data that are obtained
Inference Answer: Making decisions and predictions based on the data for answering statistical
questions
Variable Answer: The characteristic of being measured; any characteristic observed in a study (parts
of the study that are being studied)
Population Answer: Set of all of the subjects of interest
Sample Answer: The subset of the population for whom we will collect data
Descriptive Statistics Answer: Methods for summarizing collected data
Inferential Statistics Answer: Methods of making decisions or predictions about a population based
on data obtained from a sample of that population; make predictions and draw conclusions
Sample Statistics Answer: Percentage of a sample for a specific variable
Parameter Answer: Numerical summary of the population
,Statistic Answer: A numerical summary of a sample taken from the population
Statistically Significant Answer: When the difference between results is so large that it'd be odd to
see such a difference by ordinary random variation
Categorical Answer: A variable on which each observation belongs to one of a set of distinct
categories
Quantitative Answer: A variable on which observations take numerical values that represent
different magnitudes of the variable
Quantitative Variables Key Features Answer: 1) Center, 2) Variability (spread) of the data
Categorical Variables Key Features Answer: Relative number of observations in various categories
Discrete Answer: A quantitative variable whose possible values for a set of separate numbers; " the
number of..."; anything with a finite number of possible values
Continuous Answer: A quantitative variable whose values form an interval; variables that have an
infinite continuum of possible values
Distribution of a Variable Answer: Describes how the observations fall (are distributed) across the
range of possible values. For a categorical variable, the possible values are the different categories:
simply shows all possible categories and the number (or proportion) of observations falling into each
category. For a quantitative variable, the entire range of possible values is split up into separate intervals
and the number (or proportion) of observations falling in each interval.
Modal Category Answer: Category with the largest frequency
, Quantitative Variable Characteristics Answer: Shape, center, variability
Frequency Table Answer: A listing of possible values for a variable, together with the number of
observations for each value
Proportion of Observations Answer: The number of observations in that category divided by the
total number of observations
Percentage Answer: The proportion multiplied by 100
Relative Frequencies Answer: Proportions and percentages
Pareto Chart Answer: A bar graph with categories ordered by their frequency
Pareto Principle Answer: The principle that states that a small subset of observations often contain
most of the observations
Dot Plot Answer: A plot that portrays a dot for each observation placed just above the value on the
number line for that observation
Stem-and-Leaf Plot Answer: Each observation is represented by a stem and a leaf; usually the stem
consists of all of the digits except for the final one, which is the leaf
Histogram Answer: A graph that utilizes bars to portray the frequencies or the relative frequencies
of the possible outcomes for a quantitative variable; bars represent a quantitative variable
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