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Module 2 BIOD 101 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
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Module 2 BIOD 101 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
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Portage BIOD 101Module Outcomes
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Module 1
Identify the major elements and bonding relationships that make up
matter. - answer Ionic Bonds= are generated based on the attraction
between oppositely charged particles.
Covalent Bonds= occurs when electrons are shared by two atoms to
complete the valence shells of both. In general, covalent bonds exist
between two non-metals.
Hydrogen Bonds=relatively weak bond
Module 1
Describe the structure and function of the four main types of
organic compounds that make up biomacromolecules.
(Carb,lipid,proteins,nucelic acids) - answer Carbohydrate=
commonly referred to as sugars, are the primary source of fuel.
Structure (C,H,O), H-0 always 2:1
Lipid= Insoluble in water (made of non-polar hydrocarbons), NOT
MONOMERS (assembled from smaller molecules), Ex.
Fats,oils,steiroids. (trigylcerides most abundant) Phospholipids have
a polar head (like water hydrophilic) and non-polar tail (repel water
hydrophobic).
,Steroids -are a type of lipid made up of four, fused carbon rings with
attached functional groups, often containing an alcohol
Proteins=are constructed from monomers called amino acids.
(1) Proteins can act as enzymes and regulate metabolic functions,
(2) store amino acids, (3) act as hormones (4) form antibodies for
immunological defense (5) act as carriers for transport and also
form membrane channels, (6) form cell surface receptors to receive
chemical messages and (7) act as structural molecules for support
and movement.
Some functions of proteins are to make many needed protective
tissues such as skin, hair, and fingernails. Proteins also form
enzymes (catalysts that speed up chemical reactions) and are used
to make needed substances such as hemoglobin, which carries
oxygen in red blood cells.
Nucleic acids-molecules that carry genetic information within the
cell.
DNA- contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is
responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms.
(Adenine,guanine,cytosine,thymine)
RNA- is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in
DNA and using it to synthesize proteins. (has URACIL instead of
thymine)
Proteins Continued - answer Amino acids that must be obtained
from foods in the diet are called essential amino acids; non-
essential amino acids can be manufactured by the human body.
Peptide bonds- are covalent bonds that hold amino acids together
to form proteins. A long chain of amino acids is therefore called a
polypeptide.
Primary structure. -his is the order in which the amino acid
monomer units are arranged in a linear polypeptide chain.
,Secondary structure. -There are two repeating patterns that may
occur in a polypeptide chain.
Tertiary structure.-This is the overall three-dimensional shape
assumed by each individual polypeptide chain.
Quaternary structure. -Formation occurs when two or more
polypeptide chains interact.
Module 1
Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. - answer
Prokaryotic-Smaller, has no Nucleus, No membrane-bound
organelles (bacteria cells)
Eukaryotic- More complex, have a nucleus, contain membrane
bound organelles
Module 1
Determine the roles of the major components of a cell. - answer
Nucleus- suspended by nucleoplasm. Contains the genomic content
of the cell (DNA) and serves as the control center of the cell.
Ribosomes- are complexes of tiny manufacturing plants that
assemble proteins. (NOT organelles) RNA + an enzyme necessary for
linking amino acids together.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-ER forms a maze of tightly packed
tubules that form interconnected compartments, called cisternae,
within the cytoplasm. After proteins are assembled by the
ribosomes, they are modified and transported by the ER (2 parts)
, Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)- small granular ribosomes
attached.ER membrane sequesters these newly made glycoproteins
from the proteins in the cytosol
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) has no attached ribosomes
and is responsible for the synthesis of lipids, steroids, and
phospholipids for the cell membrane.
Golgi apparatus- distribution center of the cell
Lysosomes-contain hydrolytic enzymes capable of degrading
unwanted cellular debris such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and
carbohydrates.
Mitochondria- double membrane-enclosed (phospholipid bilayer)
organelles that are the site of cellular respiration. Cellular
respiration is the process of using oxygen to generate ATP.
Peroxisomes are small, membrane bound sacs that contain enzymes
specific for dissolving fats, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
Module 1
Describe cellular membrane structure and mechanics. - answer
Cytoskeleton- comprised of a collection of proteins that give cells
structural support, anchor organelles, and facilitate changes in
cellular shape. The cytoskeleton is made of protein fibers called (1)
microtubules, (2) microfilaments, and (3) intermediate filaments.
Microtubules-influence cell shape, form spindles for chromosome
separation (during mitosis), can be arranged in specific geometric
conformations that are used for cellular locomotion, and they serve
as "roads" for organelles to travel
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