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Portage Learning Pathophysiology Module 3 with 100% correct answers
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Portage Learning Pathophysiology Module 3 with 100% correct answers
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1-103 of 103occurring roughly over an 8-12 year period. The three phases are the (1) primary
infection phase, (2) chronic asymptomatic or latency phage, and (3) overt AIDS phase.
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what are the 3 phases in HIV progression?
,produce the antibodies (humoral immunity). B lymphocytes mature in the bone
marrow and secrete antibodies.
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B lymphocytes
1. primary immune response - when the body first encounters a foreign antigen. Once
initiated, the process takes ~1-2 weeks with detectable levels of antibodies continuing
to rise for several more weeks even though the infection has resolved.
2. secondary immune response (memory phase) - occurs on repeated exposure to
the antigen. With the memory cells generated during the primary phase present, the
rise in antibody levels occurs earlier and stronger.
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what two phases of immune responses does humoral immunity rely on?
cellular immunity predominantly involves T lymphocytes which function to activate
other T and B cells, activate autoimmune processes, control intracellular viral
infections, activate delayed hypersensitivity reactions and reject foreign tissue grafts.
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what lymphocyte does cellular immunity rely on?
retain the ability to target antigens during future encounters
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memory cells
Both primary and secondary. he first vaccination causes a production of both plasma
and memory cells. The plasma cells destroy the toxin, while the memory cells provide
defense against subsequent exposure. Booster immunizations produce an immediate
antigen-antibody response that causes an immediate rise in antibody levels
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which humoral immune response phase do immunizations use?
a systemic life-threatening IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. It is caused by the
wide spread release of histamine that produces vasodilation, hypotension, arterial
hypoxia, and airway edema.
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Anaphylaxis
small clusters of lymphoid tissue located throughout the body. two main functions: (1)
the removal of foreign material from the lymph before it enters the bloodstream and
(2) to serve as sites for the proliferation and response of immune cells which eliminate
these unwanted microorganisms.
predominantly found in the axillae and groin, and along the great vessels of the neck,
thorax, and abdomen.
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Lymph nodes
Grade I reactions occur in the cutaneous and mucosal tissues with erythema and
urticaria, with or without angioedema.
Grade II reactions have multisystem involvement with hypotension, tachycardia,
dyspnea, and GI manifestations such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal
cramping from mucosal edema.
Grade III reactions are life threatening due to bronchospasm, cardiac dysrhythmias,
and cardiac collapse.
Grade IV reactions present with cardiac arrest and management is focused on
resuscitation.
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Clinical manifestation grades of anaphylaxis
build new tissue to fill the wound space. The most important cell in this step is the
fibroblast, a connective tissue cell that synthesizes and secretes collagen,
proteoglycans, and glycoproteins which are all needed for wound healing.
Fibroblasts also produce growth factors that begin angiogenesis and endothelial cell
proliferation and migration. Finally, epithelialization occurs, in which epithelial cells at
the wound edges proliferate to form a new surface layer like the one that was injured.
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proliferative phase
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