Exam (elaborations)
MULTIDIMENSIONAL CARE 2 EXAM 1
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MULTIDIMENSIONAL CARE 2 EXAM 1 MULTIDIMENSIONAL CARE 2 EXAM 1 MULTIDIMENSIONAL CARE 2 EXAM 1
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MULTIDIMENSIONAL CARE 2 EXAM 1Cancer Treatment - ANS Cancer treatment is dependent on the type of cancer and how far the
cancer has progressed.
Common problems associated with cancer treatment include infections, bleeding, pain, malnutrition,
fatigue, and psycho social issues.
curative surgery - ANS Removal of the cancerous tumor when confined to a specific body location
palliative surgery - ANS Is performed to treat the problems that the cancer or treatment of cancer
has created.
prophylatic surgery - ANS Is performed to remove tissues that are not cancerous but can become
cancerous.
diagnostic surgery - ANS Is performed in order to determine if cancer cells are present
Reconstruction/Restorative surgery - ANS Is performed following treatment to restore the patients
body function such as breast reconstruction following a mastectomy.
Pre-operative care - ANS Ensure necessary test are performed such as blood work, EKG and chest x
ray and ensure the patient has remained NPO for the required time frame
Education - ANS Patient education regarding the type of procedure, post-operative, management to
include any restrictions, wound care, signs and symptoms of infection, medication, follow up
treatment, and follow up appointments
Nutrition - ANS Ensure the patient has a consult for the dietitian to assess nutritional and cultural
needs
Pain Control - ANS Ensure adequate pain control by assessing a patients' pain level frequently and
administering the prescribed medications.
,Post-op complications - ANS Assess for post operative complications such as bleeding, infection,
respiratory problems such as acute respiratory distress, pneumonia, and deep vein thrombosis/
pulmonary embolism. Encourage coughing and deep breathing using IS, ensure the patient has
DVT/PE prophylaxis ordered either pharmacological or mechanical
internal radiation therapy - ANS Radiation treatment in which the radiation is placed inside the body
in a solid or liquid form.
External Radiation therapy - ANS Radiation treatment that is site specific to the area of cancer. The
treatment is administered via an external machine. Ensure treatment targets specific area by
marking the sites.
Assure adequate rest - ANS Fatigue is a common side effect of radiation therapy. Be sure the patient
has adequate rest periods by grouping periods of activities to allow more time for rest.
Skin care - ANS perform frequent skin assessment and implement measures to maintain and manage
skin breakdown
Radiation implants - ANS Place patient in a private room, maintain bed rest, never touch implants
should they become dislodged, utilize contact precautions when handling linens and body fluids.
Care providers should NOT be pregnant.
radiation enteritis - ANS Common side effect of radiation therapy. Ensure the patient is consuming a
low fat diet and administer medication to treat nausea and diarrhea.
Emotional support - ANS Provide emotional and spiritual support to the patient and family by
providing education.
Alkylating agents (Chemo types) - ANS Keeps cells from duplicating damaged DNA
Antimetabolites (chemo type) - ANS Interfere with DNA and RNA growth
Anti-tumor antibiotics (chemo type) - ANS Change the DNA to keep it from multiplying
Topoisomerase inhibitors (chemo type) - ANS Seperates the strands of DNA to enable them to be
copied.
,Mitotic Inhibitors (chemo type) - ANS Stop cells from dividing
Goals of Chemotherapy Include: - ANS - Cure: goal is to destroy cancer
-Control: goal is to shrink or prevent further growth of the tumor
-Palliation: goal is to relieve the symptoms of the cancer, the hope for a cure or control is dismal
Chemotherapy: Nursing Care - ANS -Ensure the patient maintains adequate intake. Consult the
dietitian to assess nutritional and cultural needs. Administer anti emetics as prescribed.
- Pain control
- Assure adequate rest
- Skin care
-Emotional support
-Chemotherapy precautions
- Monitor for side effects and treat accordingly
Immunotherapy/ Targeted Therapy - ANS - Boost the body's immune system to help fight cancer
- Stops or slows cancer cell growth
- Stops the spread of cancer cells
Immunotherapy/ Targeted Therapy: Nursing Care - ANS -Monitor for side effects and treat
accordingly
- Practice safe drug handling to avoid harm to patient and self
- Monitor labs and treat
-Monitor vital signs
-provide patient education
-Provide emotional and spiritual support to the patient and family
Hormone Therapy: Goal of Therapy - ANS -Control cancers that are sensitive to hormone production
- Slows the growth of cancer cells
Hormone Therapy: Nursing Care - ANS - Monitor for side effects of therapy
, -Provide patient education
-Provide emotional support and spiritual support to patient and family
stem cell transplant: TYPES - ANS Autologous transplant: Cells are harvested from the patient's bone
marrow before the start of chemotherapy and transfused following treatment
Allogenic transplant: Cells are from a donor that closely matches the patient
stem cell transplant: Nursing Care - ANS - Monitor patient for signs and symptoms of rejection
-Administer medication as prescribed
-Monitor patient for signs and symptoms of infection
- emotional/ spiritual support
Principles of Cancer Development (Carcinogenesis and oncogenesis) - ANS Cancer is an abnormal
growth of cells as a result of exposure to chemicals, substances, behavior choices, age, and genetics
due to loss of cellular regulation. Once the cell growth and function is altered and the abnormal cells
continue to multiply the cells are maintained in the surrounding tissue. As time progresses the
cancer cells often invade nearby tissues. This abnormal growth of cells is called a tumor. Tumors can
be classified as cancerous or noncancerous.
The basic function of cellular regulation is to create fuel for the body, produce proteins, transport
materials, and dispose of waste. Cellular regulation maintains homeostasis in response to
extracellular signals by promoting cell growth and reproduction. Cancer develops from a disruption
of the normal cell regulation leading to continuous cell division with genetic defects.
Steps of Cellular Regulation for Cancer Cells:
Initiation - ANS normal cells become damaged which is irreversible and leads to cancer development
Steps of Cellular Regulation for Cancer Cells:
Promotion - ANS repeat exposure enhances cell growth which leads to mutation
Steps of Cellular Regulation for Cancer Cells:
Progression - ANS increase in the production of malignant cells
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