Pharmacology 1301 Final Exam Study Guide || A+ Guaranteed.
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Course
Pharmacology 1301
Institution
Pharmacology 1301
Describe the mechanism of action of corticosteroids on the airway correct answers Targets airway inflammation by:
1. Decreasing the inflammatory cascade (eosinophils, macrophages, and T-lymphocytes)
2. Reversing mucosal edema, decreasing the permeability of capillaries
3. Inhibiting the release ...
Pharmacology 1301 Final Exam Study Guide || A+
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Describe the mechanism of action of corticosteroids on the airway correct answers Targets
airway inflammation by:
1. Decreasing the inflammatory cascade (eosinophils, macrophages, and T-lymphocytes)
2. Reversing mucosal edema, decreasing the permeability of capillaries
3. Inhibiting the release of leukotrienes
What are the cautions and contraindications for decongestants such as oxymetazoline? correct
answers Caution:
1. When there are any lesion or erosion in the mucous membranes
2. Patient's who have a condition that may be exacerbated by sympathetic activity
Contraindications:
-Patients with severe hypertension, coronary artery disease, glaucoma, diabetes, thyroid disease
Compare and contrast mucolytics, decongestants, expectorants, and antihistamines correct
answers Mucolytic:
helps loosen thick bronchial secretions; breaks down the chemical structure of mucus molecules
Expectorant:
increases bronchial secretions; reduces the thickness of bronchial secretions which increases
mucus flow that can be removed more easily during coughing
Decongestant:
decreases the overproduction of secretions by causing local vasoconstriction to the upper
respiratory tract
Antihistamine:
block the release or action of histamine, which increases secretions and narrows airways during
inflammation
List drug-food interactions of theophylline correct answers foods high in caffeine
What disease processes should adrenergic bronchodilators be used cautiously? correct answers
Adrenergic drugs cause cardiac stimulation
patients with heart failure need to use caution
Which medication is a first line treatment in acute asthma? correct answers Inhaled short acting
beta2-antagonists
Adverse effects of corticosteroids correct answers Prolonged use suppresses the normal
hypothalamic-pituitary axis and can lead to adrenal atrophy from lack of stimulation; skin
thinning, bruising easily, osteoporosis, muscle weakness
What is the mechanism of action for Beta2-adrenergic agonist? correct answers activation of B
adrenergic receptors leads to smooth muscle relaxation in the lung, and dilation and opening of
the airways
, -beta2 receptor activates enzyme adenylyl cyclase, this produces cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP) which causes smooth muscle relaxation;
provide bronchodilation with less cardiac stimulation (albuterol, levalbuterol, salmeterol,
formoterol)
What is the initial drug therapy for newly diagnosed client with hypertension? Consider cultural
considerations. correct answers Thiazide diuretics
low dose thiazide diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide)
African Americans are at highest risk in the U.S.; most responsive to single drug therapy, more
responsive to diuretics, calcium-channel blockers, and alpha-adrenergic blockers; adverse effects
occur when using thiazide or thiazide like diuretics
What increases the risk of drug toxicity with calcium channel blockers? correct answers
Grapefruit juice
What patient information should be included when administering sustained-release anti-
hypertensive drugs? correct answers Watch blood pressure, avoid crushing or splitting pill
What is the nurse's priority action for digoxin toxicity? correct answers Administer digoxin
immune Fab
What should the client avoid when taking digoxin? correct answers St John's Wort and Psyllium:
Decrease effectiveness of digoxin
Ginseng, Hawthorn, and Licorice: Increase toxicity of digoxin
Identify human B-type natriuretic peptides. correct answers Nesiritide (Natrecor) is the only drug
available
Decrease the heart's workload by vasodilation and suppression of the response to the sympathetic
reaction
List cautions and contraindications of milrinone. correct answers Short term treatment of HF
Cautions: Elderly (more likely to develop adverse effects), Pregnant women, breastfeeding
Contraindicated: allergy to phosphodiesterase or to bisulfites, severe aortic or pulmonic valvular
disease, acute MI, fluid volume deficit, ventricular arrhythmias
Nursing interventions prior to administration of disopyramide? correct answers Treatment of life
threatening ventricular arrhythmias
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