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Neuroscience Exploring the Brain - Final Exam questions with actual answers.
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Neuroscience Exploring the Brain - FinalExam questions with actual answers.
The brain in Ancient Greece ANS -Hippocrates: brain was responsible for sensation and intelligence
Aristotle: heart was the source of intelligence
The brain in the Roman Empire ANS -Galen: agreed with Hippocrates
- Used sheep brains to distinguish cerebrum and cerebellum
- Cerebrum: soft, receives sensation
- Cerebellum: hard, commands muscle
The brain from 17th century to Rennaissance ANS -Fluid-mechanical theory: fluid forced out of brain
caused movement
Descartes: people possess intellect and a God-given soul; brain controls beast-like behavior
Discovery of white and grey matter
Division of NS into CNS and PNS, discovery of gyri and sulci, discovery of lobes
The brain in the 19th century ANS -Takeaways from 18th century:
- Brain injury disrupts sensation
- Brain communicates with body via nerves
- Brain has identifiable parts with distinct features
- Brain operates like a machine
,Nerves as wires:
- Electrical nerve stimulation produces a response; brain generates electricity
- Bell-Magendie: ventral roots carry motor output, dorsal roots carry sensory input
Localization:
- Gall: developed phrenology, proposed functional specialization
- Flourens: proposed equipotentiality
- Broca: discovered area in the left frontal lobe responsible for speech production
Evolution:
- Darwin included behavior among heritable traits
- By comparing specialization of brains between species, we can assign functions to different parts
Cell theory:
- Nerves are the basic functional units of the brain
- Proposed by Schwann
Why is progress in science often slow? ANS -1. Technological limitations
2. Ethical limitations
3. Logistical problems (finding a study population, collecting time-dependent data, etc.)
4. Must be peer reviewed
5. Publishing pressure/financial pressure
,Explain the reductionist approach ANS -This is the breaking down of the study of the brain by
complexity/level of analysis.
Molecular neuroscience: studies different molecules that play different roles in brain function
(messengers, sentries, archivists, conductors, etc.)
Cellular neuroscience: studies how molecules work together to give neurons special properties
Systems neuroscience: studies complex circuits that perform a common function
Behavioral neuroscience: studies how neural systems work together to produce integrated behaviors
Cognitive neuroscience: studies how neural mechanisms are responsible for higher levels of human
mental activity (self-awareness, imagination, language, etc.)
The scientific process ANS -1. Observation: made during an experiment to test a hypothesis
2. Replication: repeating experiment on different subjects to rule out chance occurrences
3. Interpretation: depends on state of knowledge at the time
4. Verification: observations are robust enough that they can be recreated by any competent scientist
Histological procedures ANS -Histology: microscopic study of structure of tissues
Nissl stain:
- Dye stains the nuclei of all cells and clumps of surrounding material called Nissl bodies
- Distinguishes between neurons and glia
- Enables study of cytoarchitecture
, Golgi stain:
- Involves soaking brain in silver chromate, which darkens certain neurons
- Showed neurons have two parts (soma and neurites)
Golgi vs. Cajal ANS -Golgi: proposed reticular theory (neurites fuse together to for a continuous
reticulum)
Cajal: proposed neuron doctrine (neurites are NOT continuous and communicate via contact)
Cajal was right.
How many neurons and glia are in the brain? ANS -Cortex: 16 billion neurons
Cerebellum: 69 billion neurons
Rest of brain: 0.7 billion neurons
About 86 billion neurons total
Components of a neuron ANS -Soma: cell body containing all the normal organelles, the nucleus, etc.
Axon: output of the neuron
Dendrites: inputs of the neuron connected to soma
Axon hillock: where the axon meets the soma and where the AP originates
Axon terminals: where the AP travels and where neurotransmitters are release into the synapse
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