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Summary AP Chemistry Exam Review questions and answers
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AP Chemistry Exam Review questions and answers
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AP Chemistry Exam Review questions andanswers
atomic number - The same as the number of protons in the nucleus of an
element; it is also the same as the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus of
an element when it is neutrally charged.
mass number - The sum of an atom's neutrons and protons
isotopes - Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons
Avogadro's number - 6.022×10²³ particles per one mole
Moles - grams/molar mass
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) - Pressure = 1 atm
Temperature = 273 K
Converting from moles to liters - I mole of gas = 22.4 L
Moles and Solutions - Moles = (molarity)(liters of solution)
,AP Chemistry Exam Review questions and
answers
percent composition (mass percents) - The percent by mass of each element that
makes up a compound. It is calculated by dividing the mass of each element or
component in a compound by the total molar mass for the substance.
empirical formula - - Represents the simplest ratio of one element to another in a
compound
- Start by assuming a 100 g sample
- Convert percentages to grams
- Convert grams into moles
- Divide each mole value by the lowest of the values
- These values become the subscripts
molecular formula - - Determine the molar mass of the empirical formula
- Divide that mass into the molar mass
x = m/e
x = molar mass/ empirical mass
- Multiply all subscripts in the empirical formula by the value of x
,AP Chemistry Exam Review questions and
answers
Aufbau principle - States that when building up the electron configuration of an
atom, electrons are placed in orbitals, subshells, and shells in order of increasing
energy.
Pauli Exclusion Principle - States that the two electrons which share an orbital
cannot have the same spin. One electron must spin clockwise, and the other must
spin counterclockwise.
Hund's Rule - States that when an electron is added to a subshell, it will always
occupy an empty orbital if no one is available. Electrons always occupy orbitals
singly if possible and pair up only if no empty orbitals are available.
Coulomb's Law - The amount of energy that an electron has depends on its
distance from nucleus of an atom. While on the exam, you will not be required to
mathematically calculate the amount of energy a given electron has, you should
be able to qualitatively apply Coulomb's Law.
Essentially, the greater the charge of the nucleus, the more energy an electron will
have.
, AP Chemistry Exam Review questions and
answers
Quantum Theory - Max Planck figured out that electromagnetic energy is
quantized. That is, for a given frequency of radiation (or light), all possible
energies are multiples of a certain unit of energy, called a quantum
(mathematically, that's E = hv). So, energy changes do not occur smoothly but
rather in small but specific steps.
Energy and Electromagnetic Radiation - ΔE = hv = hc/λ
ΔE = energy change
h = Planck's constant, 6.626×10⁻³⁴ J∙s
v = frequency of the radiation
λ = wavelength of the radiation
c = the speed of light, 3.00×10⁸ m/s
Frequency and Wavelength - c = λv
*Inversely proportional*
c = speed of light in a vacuum (2.998×10⁸ m/s)
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