HKIN 191 Midterm Study Guide with
Complete Solutions
Carbohydrates - Answer✔️✔️-Macronutrients providing energy, covered up to the lecture.
Homeostasis - Answer✔️✔️-The body's tendency to maintain internal stability, crucial for
resting conditions.
Pulse Wave Velocity - Answer✔️✔️-Measure of aortal stiffness, calculated using distance
and time, with a cut-off between 9.9 - 13.0 m/s.
Preload - Answer✔️✔️-Volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole, increased in
hypervolemia and regurgitation.
Afterload - Answer✔️✔️-Resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood,
increased in hypertension and vasoconstriction.
Systole - Answer✔️✔️-Period of contraction of the ventricles of the heart, used to
measure aortal compliance and stiffness.
Diastole - Answer✔️✔️-Period of relaxation in the ventricles, involving passive and active
filling of the heart with blood.
Arterial Stiffness - Answer✔️✔️-Rigidity of blood vessels increasing reverb back to the
heart, leading to higher blood pressure.
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