This is a visual English summary of the first part of the biological and cognitive psychology course at the VU Amsterdam (first years). The second part will be uploaded before the second exam. Good luck!
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Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Psychologie
Biologische & Cognitieve Psychologie
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I I
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Study of the biological basis Study of the mind
using -
• Integration =
cognitive neuroscience
of the mind functional explanations
→ structural models
→ Using multiple levels of analysis to understand the mind
-0 models
process
eek 1 : car 1 -
z t Gol r - 2
COnsciousnesssaphys.io/ogicalappro#
Twoapproachestothemind-bodyquesti#
1 .
Dualism = the belief that mind &
body are separate ,
the
body is matter but the mind is not
the belief that the mind produced the
2 . Monism = is a phenomenon by workings of the nervous system
Blind sight =
ability of Sb to reach for objects in their blind visual field while
remaining unconscious of
perceiving them to caused by damage to the mammalian visual system of the brain but a
functioning privative system
that of 0L the brain but
D
suggests consciousness is not a
general property
all parts only some
-
Split brain = when Sb has two unconnected cerebral hemispheres caused
by cutting the corpus callosum
resulting the left brain handling
in only language
D
suggests that become conscious of Smith if information about it
we
only
-
is able to reach the verbal communicative parts of the brain
be large
'
talking to '
→
consciousness in part ourselves
may
Unilateral neglect = a failure of Sb to notice things on their left caused by damage to
a part of the cortex of the right parietal lobe ( concerned with the
spatial relationships & orientation)
-
D
suggests the existence of brain mechanisms that control our attention to
thing I thus our
ability to become aware of them t a feeling of
body ownership
The
-
nature of behavioral neuroscience
scientificexplanationtakes-twotorms.tl
.
Generalization -0
Classifying phenomena according to features to formulate general laws
2 .
Reduction →
explaining complex phenomena in terms of
simpler ones
However can 't behaviors & physiological events that happen the time
: we
simply correlate at same
→ identical behaviors occur for different reasons & be initiated by different physio mechanism
may may
→ so we must first understand why a behavior occur e 'd before understanding the
physiological event
that made it occur ( e. s .
mice build nests for temperature regulation I when
pregnant )
,Historyolcognit vepsychology-86o.hr/Fechnersaw-0 related physical energy
to sensation
86Hez proposed perception as a process of unconscious inferences about the world (diff .
between perception I sensation )
>¥r-b doctrine of specific nerve
energies
=
although all nerves
carry
the same electrical impulses ,
we perceive
messages of different nerves in different
ways
bc
they occur in different channe
→ Suggests the brain must be functionally divided
+ Said nerve conduction is
infinitely fast ( lebensKraft )
↳ This idea of specific set the stage for experimental ablation (by p flour ens ) =
parts of the brain
nerve
energies .
removing
of animals to see what they could no longer do after suggesting the function of that brain part
,
holt discovered nerve conduction velocity ; 60 m/s in humans which paved the
way
for mental chronometry =
measuring the speed of mental ( neural processes (e.g .
how fast we distinguish colors )
D: time the Donde 's estimate
1-0
mental take Used subs traction method o goal : duration of mental
processes
-
-
a
process (X)
-
we can measure that time
method :
for
EqggffsTf0
1 . create two identical tasks except the involvement of X
2. measure the reac tion time in both tasks
3. reaction time with X -
reaction time without X
=
duration of mental process X
x
Problemswiththimethod :
1) Assumption of
stages 2) assumes those stages are independent
the first lab he used structuralist ic to
studying stimuli
opened psychology where a approach responses
structuralism =
Says our overall experience is determined
by combining basic elements OC experience called sensations
→ Used analytic introspection :
subjects had to describe their experiences in response to -0 not a fruit full
-
approach &
stimuli in terms of abandoned in 1900 's
elementary mental elements early
Ebbing memory research : wanted to determine how
rapidly learned information is forgotten over time
→ Learned himself nonsense syllables to perfection and waited certain periods of time
measured time it took to learn the list time took after time
savings
b
savings =
original it to relearn curve
-
-
I
Butther:eraoCbehauiorismcausedasetba#
• Watson -
o said we need to discard the mind &
only focus
I
(
on behavior
=
Stimulus based classical
response psychology on
-
" " " "" " "" " "" "
•
"" "" "" " " "
"
" "
"
→ now the idea is : stimulus organism response
-
-
,1938 : Tolman explored cognition as a behaviorist with his rat maze experiment
indicated the formation of thus smth
→ a
cognitive map
other than the stimulus is in the rats mind
occurring
1950 : cognitive revolution
D Chomsky 's criticism Skinner 's of the mind 4959 )
book
language learning led to a
resurgence in
psychology
-
on on
the the
D
Psychologists started to view mind an information processor d made
analogs to new computers
-
as
→ we started out using behavior
to reveal how the mind works
$
now we research beyond single
relationships to understand the
that the mind
complex system is
modernresearchincognitive-psychogybus.es
models =
representations of structures ( processes to visualize or
explain it .
Two types 1) Structural models -0 represent brain structures involved in specific functions
2) Process models → illustrate how
cognitive mechanisms operate ,
not necessarily
representative of a
specific structure several can be involve
,
models - make complicated systems easier to understand
-
provide a
starting point for research
F-
process model
g- structural model
Howdowelearnaboutthebrain
① neurological studies with patients with brain damage using single us .
double dissociation
Double dissociation function but & for
=
damage to one brain area affects a not B vice versa
damage to another brain area →
suggests function A RB must be in independent brain pa
e. g .
Boca 's area =
speech production & Wernicke =
language understanding
Single = either one of those two
② Brain Imaging techniques
electricity
' '
direct
-
EEG & ERP Covering) → measures I measure of neural
activity
t=
MEG -0 measures magnetic activity
-
-
PET -
o uses radioactive glucose
indirect measure of neural activity because they measure
-
fMRI -0 follows blood flow in the brain differences in local blood which is not brain
supply ,
activity
,guaranteed
on
+he
EEG
-
!
high temporal it's showing when
.
resolution Smith happens
exam accurate in
-
=
low it's inaccurate in where that
activity coming from (the source of the brain
spatial resolution is
activity in ,
-
=
fMRI
-
low temporal blood flow is takes 6 Sec to
resolution = slow , see when
activity happens so inaccurate
-
,
high spatial resolution it's however accurate in showing where
activity happened
=
=
→ Best =
combining the two measures
→
you can use the dander 's substraction method with high spatial resolution
③ Single cell
recordings = measures the activity of a few neurons in animals
or humans under
surgery leg . Jennifer aniston cell neuron
,
→
highest spatial & temporal resolution
↳ gave rise to the grandmother cell
theory : Do specific neurons represent specific information ?
↳ uncertain bc -
o more neurons may be sensitive to the same one
thing
thing may
→
neurons sensitive to that one also be sensitive to other
things
+ it would be
very sensitive -0
damage to one neuron &
you forget someone ? n
Theoriesonneuronrepresertaeion
⑦ Specificity coding =
grandmother theory , one person
= one neuron
→ vulnerable inefficient
t
② population coding = distributed coding ,
a
large number of neurons code for one
person
& each person is represented by
a pattern of activation -0 less vulnerable t more efficient
⑦ Sparse coding = a small group ol neurons represent each person ,
similar to
population coding but limits the number or
neurons as much as possible -0 bit more vulnerable ,
but even more efficient
D We that different brain
now know a
single object levert will activate areas
-
Meiers
→ we first observed I believed in nerve nets = a neuron network believed to be continuous
-
o later it was shown to not be continuous but made up of individual units connected together that
transmit signals in the nervous system = neuron doctrine ( Cajal 's discovery )
t
discovery oc synapses
+
discovery of selective connections forming neural circuits
+ discovery of neurons specialized to pick up information called receptors
/
A neuron has a semi -
permeable Types of neuron : -
sensory receptors
membrane sensitive to stimulation afferent;
sensory neurons
-
.
=
interneurons
selectively allow
-
• can
-
efferent '
motor neurons
ions in and out
'
, ¥iha
information from other
/
neurons
I¥n:ex.o.aIoI
Serves the rapid conduction
:c ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
(Soma) of nerve impulses
÷÷÷:÷:¥÷÷÷¥÷÷÷÷÷÷
On the membrane are
mi':::÷¥:::÷:::
ion channels which help -:outgRwth0anuron
control the electrical impulse , by which information is
n
→ that insulates the axon
multipolar neuron
allowing a faster transmission
principals ( classified
{ according to the way axon & dendrites leave the Soma )
} usually
⑦ Unipolar neuron =
only one stalk leaves the Soma (cell body ) & decides into two branches close by sensor neurons
② Bipolar neuron =
gives rise to one axon and one dendritic tree
③ Multipolar neuron =
gives rise to one axon but
many dendritic trees
in
@
is
called
Excretion T = system for transportation of
exocytosis
-
neurotransmitter through the axon
ret TO :
Endo plasmatic provides ATP (
energy )
=
Isiah %eEY-nyo.nu#ontains: reside
=
production the in they
cell which L chromosomes
,
reside
-
( with Dna )
storage & transport
Ot proteins and L nucleolus = Structure that produces
chemicals
-
Ribosomes
→
Rough = protein production
D Smooth = lipid -
synthesis
-
Ribosomes
-
=
produce proteins translated
from mRNA
-
mRNA = macromolecule that delivers
-
genetic info for the synthesis
of a protein from a portion
of the chromosome to a
ribosome
proteins -
o provide cell structure
D serve molec
as
enzymes = a
-
that controls a chemical reactio
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