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Psych 105 Midterm questions with correctly answered to pass
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Psych 105 Midterm questions with correctly answered to pass
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Psych 105 MidtermThinking Definition - correct answer ✔✔any mental activity or processing of information, including
learning, remembering, perceiving, communicating, believing, and deciding
What is cognitive economy? - correct answer ✔✔The use of heuristics to reduce mental effort while still
getting things right most of the time
What are heuristics? - correct answer ✔✔Mental shortcuts, drawn from inferences, to increase thinking
efficiency
Can fast and frugal thinking be better than exhaustive analysis? - correct answer ✔✔Yes
What is cognitive bias? - correct answer ✔✔systematic error in thinking
What is a representative heuristic? - correct answer ✔✔Judging the probability of an event based on
how prevalent the event has been in past experience, takes into account base rate information (how
common a characteristic is in general society)
What is an example of a representative heuristic? - correct answer ✔✔Stereotyping
What is an availability heuristic? - correct answer ✔✔heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of
an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our mind
What is hindsight bias? - correct answer ✔✔the tendency to overestimate one's ability to have predicted
an event once the outcome is known
What is confirmation bias? - correct answer ✔✔a tendency to search for information that supports our
preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
,What is top-down processing? - correct answer ✔✔filling in gaps of missing information by using our
experiences and background knowledge to create a whole picture
What are concepts? - correct answer ✔✔knowledge and ideas about objects, actions, and characteristics
that share core properties
What are schemas? - correct answer ✔✔concepts stored in memory about how objects, actions, and
characteristics relate to each other, helps to mentally organize events that share core features like going
to a restaurant
Decision making Definition - correct answer ✔✔the process of a making choice among a set of
alternatives
What does "paralysis by analysis" refer to? - correct answer ✔✔when it comes to making decisions
based on emotional preferences (ex. artistic choices) or complex emotionally laden decisions, too much
thinking can be bad, can be overwhelmed by too much information
What is framing? - correct answer ✔✔The way a question is formulated can influence a person's
decision
What is neuroeconomics? - correct answer ✔✔the study of brain mechanisms at work during economic
decision making
Problem solving definition - correct answer ✔✔generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a goal
what are four approaches to problem solving? - correct answer ✔✔1. Heuristics
2. Algorithms
3. Breaking the problem into manageable subproblems
4. Reasoning using related examples
What are algorithms? - correct answer ✔✔Set-by-step, learned procedure
, What is the salience of surface similarities, how is it an obstacle to effective problem-solving? - correct
answer ✔✔Refers to how attention grabbing something is, it focuses attention solely on the superficial
properties of a problem
What are mental sets? Is it a problem solving hinderance or advantage? - correct answer ✔✔Being stuck
in a specific problem solving strategy which results in trouble generating alternatives (ex. picking an
essay topic that wasn't already suggested)
What is functional fixedness? - correct answer ✔✔difficulty conceptualizing that an object typically used
for one purpose can be used for another
Explain the computer analogy as a model of the mind, why is it inaccurate? - correct answer ✔✔thinking
is like running data through a computer program, the brain's algorithms are like preprogrammed abilities
- inaccurate because computers can't take context into account or draw inferences, computer don't
explore or interact with the world around them
Language definition - correct answer ✔✔system of communication that combines symbols in a. rule
based way to create meaning
What does it mean to say language is arbitrary? - correct answer ✔✔Words and sounds bear no
resemblance to their meaning
What is the embodiment model of the mind? - correct answer ✔✔knowledge is organized and accessed
in a. manner that simulates our actual experiences
What are the four features of language? - correct answer ✔✔1. Phonemes 2. Morphemes 3. Syntax 4.
Extralinguistic Information
What are phonemes? - correct answer ✔✔Categories of sound produced by the vocal apparatus,
influenced by elements of the vocal tract (lips, tongue, teeth)
What are morphemes? - correct answer ✔✔the smallest meaningful units of language, created by
stringing phonemes together
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