scale of measurement - answerdifferent ways of categorizing measurement outcomes:
nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio
nominal level of measurement - answerthe most gross level of measurement by which a
variable's value can be placed in one and only one category
ordinal level of measurement - answera level of measurement that places a variable's
value into a category and assigns that category an order with respect to other
categories
interval level of measurement - answera level of measurement that places a variable's
values into categories that are equidistant from each other, as when points are evenly
spaced along a scale
ratio level of measurement - answera level of measurement defined as having an
absolute zero
class interval - answera fixed range of values, used in the creation of a frequency
distribution
histogram - answera graphical representation of a frequency distribution that uses bars
of different heights to show the number of values that fall within each class interval
ogive - answera visual representation of a cumulative frequency distribution
scattergram - answera plot of paired data points on an x-axis and a y-axis, used to
visually represent a correlation
correlation matrix - answera table showing correlation coefficients among more than two
variables
coefficient of determination - answerthe amount of variance in one variable that is
accounted for by the variance in another variable
coefficient of alienation - answerthe amount of variance in one variable that is not
accounted for by the variance in another variable
partial correlation - answera numerical index that reflects the relationship between two
variables with the removal of the influence of a third variable (called a mediating or
cofounding variable)
, dependent variable - answerthe outcome variable or the predicted variable in a
regression equation
independent variable - answerthe treatment variable that is manipulated or the predictor
variable in a regression equation
true score - answerthe score that, if it could be observed, would reflect the actual ability
or behavior being measured
error score - answerthe part of a test that is random and contributes to the unreliability
of a test
parallel forms reliability - answera type of reliability that examines consistency across
different forms of the same test
internal consistency reliability - answera type of reliability that examines whether items
on a test measure only one dimension, construct, or area of interest
interrater reliability - answera type of reliability that examines whether observers are
consistent with one another
content validity - answera type of validity that examines how well a test samples a
universe of items
criterion validity - answera type of validity that examines how well a test reflects some
criterion that exists in either the present (concurrent) or the future (predictive)
concurrent criterion validity - answerhow well a test outcome is consistent with a
criterion that exists in the present
predictive criterion validity - answerhow consistent a test outcome is with a criterion that
occurs in the future
construct validity - answerhow well a test reflects an underlying idea, such as
intelligence or aggression
what are science's 3 basic goals and how does statistics help accomplish these goals? -
answerdescription, prediction and explanation
why do outliers not impact the median? - answerbecause the median cares about the
number of cases
what are some examples of categorical data? - answerethnicity, major, eye color,
experimental condition
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