IUPUI ANATOMY (Bio n261) Practice EXAM 1 LATEST 2024/2025
WITH ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED (DETAILED)
ANSWERS/ALREADY GRADED A
Pathological Anatomy - ANSWER-study of structural changes in cells, tissues
and organs caused by disease
Radiographic Anatomy - ANSWER-study of the internal body structures by using
non-invasive imaging techniques (x-ray & ultrasound)
Surgical Anatomy - ANSWER-study of anatomical landmarks, which are
important to surgical procedures
Chemical level - ANSWER-atoms combine to form small molecules (water,
carbon dioxide) and larger macromolecules (lipids, proteins, nucleic acid)
Cellular level - ANSWER-cells are comprised of molecules; they are the smallest
living units in the body; cellular organelles are their functional subunits
Anatomy - ANSWER-study of internal and external structures of the human
body. Given that specific structures perform specific functions, therefore,
structure determines function
Microscopic anatomy - ANSWER-study of body structures that cannot be
viewed without magnification, includes cytology and histology
,Gross anatomy - ANSWER-study of body structures which are visible without
the aid of magnification (visible to the naked eye)
Developmental Anatomy - ANSWER-study of structural changes that occur from
conception to physical maturity
Comparative Anatomy - ANSWER-study of the anatomy of different types of
animals
Tissue level - ANSWER-similar types of cells, with a common function, combine
to form tissues; four primary tissue types comprise all organs of the human
body
Organ level - ANSWER-more than one tissue type (often all four tissues)
combine to form organs; extremely complex physiological processes occur at
this level
Organ System Level - ANSWER-organs that work closely together combine to
form an organ system, to accomplish a common purpose; there are 11 organ
systems of the human body.
Human Organism - ANSWER-the highest level of structural organization; this is
the combination of all the organ systems functioning together to sustain the
life of the organism
Integumentary System - ANSWER-(epidermis and dermis) Protection from
environmental hazards, temperature control; accessory structures are hair
follicles, sweat (sudoriferous) glands and oil (sebaceous) glands
,Skeletal System - ANSWER-Support, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage,
blood formation
Muscular System - ANSWER-Locomotion, support, heat production
Nervous System - ANSWER-Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually
by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
Endocrine System - ANSWER-comprised of glands, which secrete hormones
that regulate processes (such as metabolism, growth, reproduction) of the
other organ systems
Cardiovascular System - ANSWER-comprised of the heart, blood vessels, and
the blood to transport materials (such as respiratory gases, nutrients and
wastes) within the body
Lymphoid (Lymphatic & Immune) System - ANSWER-comprised of the
lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, thymus, spleen),
lymphocytes, and lymphoid tissue; returns leaked fluid to blood; provides
defense against pathogens and disease by housing white blood cells
(lymphocytes) that function in immunity
Respiratory System - ANSWER-comprised of the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, and the lungs; maintains the blood's constant supply of
oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide by delivering air to the lungs where gas
exchange occurs at the alveoli (air sacs of the lungs)
Digestive System - ANSWER-comprised of the gastrointestinal tract (or
alimentary canal) and accessory structures, which together function to process
food and absorb nutrients
, Urinary System - ANSWER-comprised of the kidneys, ureters, the urinary
bladder, and the urethra; functions to eliminate excess water, salts, and
nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base
balance of the blood
Reproductive System - ANSWER-comprised of gonads (testes in the male,
ovaries in the female), accessory organs and external genitalia, overall function
is to produce sex cells and hormones for the purpose of producing offspring;
the female reproductive system supports embryonic development
Anatomical Position - ANSWER-person is standing upright, arms at sides, palms
facing forward, feet flat on floor, face straight ahead
Axial Region - ANSWER-consists of the head, neck, and torso
Appendicular Region - ANSWER-consists of the upper and lower limbs (for
extremities)
Superior (cranial & cephalic) - ANSWER-above or towards the head
Interior (caudal) - ANSWER-below or towards the feet
Anterior (ventral) - ANSWER-toward the front of the body; in front of (the front
or belly side)
Posterior (dorsal) - ANSWER-toward or at the back of the body; behind (the
back side)
