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Exam (elaborations)

Psych 438 Practice Exam Questions and Correct Answers

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  • Course
  • PSYCH 438
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  • PSYCH 438

Person-situation debate Debate in the field about influences on behavior: The person - inherent characteristics of an individual The situation - characteristics of the situation (i.e., context) General consensus: Both are meaningful and impact human behavior Personality Set of psychological traits...

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  • September 13, 2024
  • 13
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • PSYCH 438
  • PSYCH 438
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Psych 438 Practice Exam Questions and
Correct Answers
Person-situation debate ✅Debate in the field about influences on behavior:
The person - inherent characteristics of an individual
The situation - characteristics of the situation (i.e., context)
General consensus: Both are meaningful and impact human behavior

Personality ✅Set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are
organized and relatively enduring and that influence his or her interactions with, and
adaptations to, the intrapsychic, physical , and social environments

Theory ✅Organized system of assumptions and principles that purport to explain a
specific set of phenomena and their interrelations
Essential is science
3 purposes:
Guide research
Organizes known findings
Makes predictions

What makes a good/strong theory? ✅Comprehensiveness
Heuristic value
Testability
Parsimony (fewer assumptions and premises the better, but only as simple as it needs
to be)
Compatibility and integration across domains and levels

Application ✅Theories often are developed to solve practical solutions (e.g., cure
diseases, develop new technology)
Many personality theorists were also therapists looking for ways to more effectively help
patients

Assessment ✅Methods of assessing personality differ across the different theoretical
approaches
How personality is measured depends on how one conceptualizes/defines personality

Research ✅All of the theories discussed have generated relevant research
Variation in "methodology of choice" among different theories

Self-report data ✅Interview
Periodic assessment (diary)
Questionnaires

, Structured or unstructured
Structured: Likert scale, forced-choice, true/false
Unstructured: Open-ended questions, free response, fill-in-the blank
Require some sort of coding scheme, more time consuming to code

Self-report data ADVANTAGES ✅People have access to wealth of information about
themselves, that others do not
Thoughts, feelings, desires, beliefs
Self-esteem, perceptions of of how others see them
How they relate others
Short-term, long-term goals

Self-report data LIMITATIONS ✅Respondents must be willing and able to answer the
questions
People aren't always honest
People may not have insight

Observer-report data ✅Data provided by friends, family, teachers, about an individual
E.g., impression person makes on others, his or her social reputation, nature of
interactions with others, etc.
Can be collected using the same modalities as self-report data (e.g., questionnaires,
interview, etc.)

Selecting observers ✅Professional personality assessors
Don't know participant in advance
Often in laboratory settings

Individuals who know the target
Can observe natural behavior
Cross situational behavior
But susceptible to biases

Observer-report data ADVANTAGES ✅Can provide information not otherwise
accessible to researchers and which participants may not be willing or able to share
Multiple assessors can be used - reduce bias
Inter-rater reliability
Statistical procedures to average ratings across raters

Observer-report data LIMITATIONS ✅Can be costly, require training, etc.

Test data ADVANTAGES ✅Can elicit behavior difficult to observe in everyday life
Allow investigators to control context - eliminate extraneous variables
Can test specific hypotheses - manipulating variables

Test data LIMITATIONS ✅Participants can try to guess hypothesis and alter behavior

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