TESTxBANKxFORxUNDERSTANDINGxPATHOPHYSIOLOGYx7THxEDITIONxBYxHUETHER
Chapterx01:xCellularxBiology
Huether:xUnderstandingxPathophysiology,x7thxEdition
MULTIPLExCHOICE
1. Axstudentxisxobservingxaxcellxunderxthexmicroscope.xItxisxobser
vedxtoxhavexsupercoiledxDNAwithxhistones.xWhichxofxthexfollo
wingxwouldxalsoxbexobservedxbyxthexstudent?
a. Axsinglexcircularxchromosome
b. Axnucleus
c. Free-floatingxnuclearxmaterial
d. Noxorganelles
ANS:x B
Thexcellxdescribedxisxaxeukaryoticxcell,xsoxitxhasxhistonesxandxax
supercoiledxDNAxwithinxitsnucleus;xthus,xthexnucleusxshouldx b
exobserved.xAxsinglexcircularxchromosomexcalledxaxprokaryotex
containsxfree-floatingxnuclearxmaterialxbutxhasxnoxorganelles.
2. Axnursexisxinstructingxthexstaffxaboutxcellularxfunctions.xWhichxcellularxfunctionxisxthexnursex
describingxwhenxanxisolatedxcellxabsorbsxoxygenxandxusesxitxtoxtransformxnutrientsxtoxenergy?
a. Metabolicxabsorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS:x D
Thexcell’sxabilityxtoxabsorbxoxygenxisxreferredxtoxasxrespirationxwhilexitsxcommunicationxabilityxin
volvesxmaintenancexofxaxs te adNy xdynamicxstate,xmetabolicxabsorptionxprovidesxnutrition,xandxsec
retionxallowsxforxthexsynthesizingxofxnewxsubstances.
3. AxeukaryoticxcellxisxundergoingxDNAxreplication.xInxwhichxregionxofxthexcellxwouldxmostxof
xthexgeneticxinformationxbexcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleusxcytoplasm
ANS:x C
Thexregionxofxthexcellxthatxcontainsxgeneticxmaterial,xincludingxaxlargexamountxofxribonucleicxa
cid,xmostxofxthexDNA,xandxDNA-
bindingxproteins,xisxthexnucleolus,xwhichxisxlocatedxwithinxthexcell’sxnucleus.xMitochondriaxisx
associatedxwithxcellularxrespirationxwhilexribosomesxarexinvolvedxwithxproteinxmanufacturing.
xCytoplasmxisxaxfluidxfillingxthatxisxaxcomponentxofxthexcell.
4. Whichxofxthexfollowingxcanxremovexproteinsxattachedxtoxthexcell’sxbilayerxbyxdissolvingxthe
xlayerxitself?
a. Peripheralxmembranexproteins
b. Integralxmembranexproteins
c. Glycoproteins
d. Cellxadhesionxmolecules
,TESTxBANKxFORxUNDERSTANDINGxPATHOPHYSIOLOGYx7THxEDITIONxBYxHUETHER
ANS:x B
Proteinsxdirectlyxattachedxtoxthexmembranexbilayerxcanxbexremovedxbyxthexactionxofxintegralxm
embranexproteinsxthatxdissolvexthexbilayer.xPeripheralxmembranexproteinsxresidexatxthexsurface
xwhilexcellxadhesion xmoleculesxarexonxthexoutsidexofxthexmembrane.xGlycoproteinxmarksxcellsx
andxdoesxnotxfloat.
5. Whichxofxthexfollowingxcanxbindxtoxplasmaxmembranexreceptors?
a. Oxygen
b. Ribosomes
c. Amphipathicxlipids
d. Ligands
ANS:x D
Ligandsxarexthexonlyxspecificxmoleculesxthatxcanxbindxwithxreceptorsxonxthexcellxmembrane.
6. Axnursexisxreviewingxaxreportxfromxaxpatientxwithxmetastaticxcancer.xWhatxalternationxinxthe
xextracellularxmatrixxwouldxsupportxthexdiagnosisxofxmetastaticxcancer?
a. Decreasedxfibronectin
b. Increasedxcollagen
c. Decreasedxelastin
d. Increasedxglycoproteins
ANS:x A
Onlyxaxreducedxamountxofxfibronectinxisxfoundxinxsomextypesxofxcancerousxcells,xallowingxthe
mxtoxtravelxorxmetastasize.
7. Whichxformxofxcellxcommunicationxisxusedxtoxrelatextoxotherxcellsxinxdirectxphysicalxcontact?
a. Cellxjunction N
b. Gapxjunction
c. Desmosome
d. Tightxjunction
ANS:x A
Cellxjunctionsxholdxcellsxtogetherxandxpermitxmoleculesxtoxpassxfromxcellxtoxcell.xGapxjunctionsxal
lowxforxcellularxcommunicationxbetweenxcells.xNeitherxdesmosomesxnorxtightxjunctionsxarexassoc
iatedxwithxcellularxcommunication.
8. Pancreaticxbetaxcellsxsecretexinsulin,xwhichxinhibitsxsecretionxofxglucagonxfromxneighboring
xalphaxcells.xThisxactionxisxanxexamplexofxwhichxofxthexfollowingxsignalingxtypes?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurohormonal
d. Hormonal
ANS:x A
Paracrinexsignalingxinvolvesxthexreleasexofxlocalxchemicalxmediatorsxthatxarexquicklyxtakenxup,xde
stroyed,xorximmobilized,xasxinxthexcasexofxinsulinxandxthexinhibitionxofxthexsecretionxofxglucagon.
xNonexofxthexotherxoptionsxinvolvexsignalingxthatxisxassociatedxwithxaxlocal xchemicalxmediatorxlik
exinsulin.
9. Inxcellularxmetabolism,xeachxenzymexhasxaxhighxaffinityxforxa:
a. solute.
, TESTxBANKxFORxUNDERSTANDINGxPATHOPHYSIOLOGYx7THxEDITIONxBYxHUETHER
b. substrate.
c. receptor.
d. ribosome.
ANS:x B
Eachxenzymexhasxaxhighxaffinityxforxaxsubstrate,xaxspecificxsubstancexconvertedxtoxaxproductxofx
thexreaction.xCellularxmetabolismxisxnotxdependentxonxanxattractionxbetweenxanxenzymexandxa
nyxofxthexremainingxoptions.
10. Anxathletexrunsxaxmarathon,xafterxwhichxhisxmusclesxfeelxfatiguedxandxunablextoxcontract.xThex
athletexasksxthexnursexwhyxthisxhappened.xThexnurse’sxresponsexisxbasedxonxthexknowledgexthat
xthexproblemxisxresultxofxaxdeficiencyxof:
a. GTP.
b. AMP.
c. ATP.
d. GMP.
ANS:x C
WhenxATPxisxdeficient,ximpairedxmusclexcontractionxresults.xNonexofxthexotherxoptionsxarexin
volvedxinxmusclexcontraction.
11. WhichxphasexofxcatabolismxproducesxthexmostxATP?
a. Digestion
b. Glycolysis
c. Oxidation
d. Citricxacidxcycle
ANS:x D N
WhilexsomexATPxisxproducedxduringxthexoxidationxandxglycolysisxphases,x mostxofxthexATPxis
generatedxduringxthexcitricxacidxcycle.xDigestionxdoesxnotxproducexanyxATP.
12. Axnursexisxteachingxthexstaffxaboutxthexphasesxofxcellularxcatabolism.xWhichxphasesxshouldxthe
xnursexinclude?
a. Digestion,xglycolysis,xoxidation,xandxthexcitricxacidxcycle
b. Diffusion,xosmosis,xandxmediatedxtransport
c. Sxphase,xGxphase,xandxMxphase
d. Metabolicxabsorption,xrespiration,xandxexcretion
ANS:x A
Onlyxdigestion,xglycolysis,xoxidation,xandxthexcitricxacidxcyclexarexthexphasesxofxcellularxcatabolis
m.
13. Axrunnerxhasxdepletedxallxthexoxygenxavailablexforxmusclexenergy.xWhichxofxthexfollowingxwill
xfacilitatexhisxcontinuedxmusclexperformance?
a. Electron-transportxchain
b. Aerobicxglycolysis
c. Anaerobicxglycolysis
d. Oxidativexphosphorylation
ANS:x C
, TESTxBANKxFORxUNDERSTANDINGxPATHOPHYSIOLOGYx7THxEDITIONxBYxHUETHER
Whenxnoxoxygenxisxavailable,xanaerobicxglycolysisxoccurs.xThexelectron-
transportxchainxisxpartxofxthexcitricxacidxcycle.xAerobicxglycolysisxinvolvesxthexpresencexofxoxy
gen.xOxidativexphosphorylationxisxthexmechanismxbyxwhichxthexenergyxproducedxfromxcarboh
ydrates,xfats,xandxproteinsxisxtransferredxtoxATP.xItxisxnotxpartxofxmusclexperformance.
14. Axfacultyxmemberxasksxaxstudentxtoxidentifyxthexappropriatextermxforxthexmovementxofxaxsolute
xfromxanxareaxofxgreaterxtoxlesserxconcentration.xWhichxanswerxindicatesxthexnursingxstudentxu
nderstoodxthexteaching?
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Hydrostaticxpressure
d. Activextransport
ANS:x B
Diffusionxisxthexmovementxofxaxsolutexmoleculexfromxanxareaxofxgreaterxsolutexconcentrationxto
xanxareaxofxlesserxsolutexconcentrationxthroughxaxpermeablexmembrane.xOsmosisxisxthexmovem
entxofxwaterxacrossxaxsemipermeablexmembranexfromxaxregionxofxhigherxwaterxconcentrationxt
oxonexofxlowerxconcentration.xHydrostaticxpressurexisxthexforcexofxfluidxagainstxaxcellxmembran
e.xInxactivextransport,xmoleculesxmovexupxaxconcentrationxgradient.
15. Whichxdescriptionxaccuratelyxdescribesxelectrolytes?
a. Smallxlipid-solublexmolecules
b. Largexproteinxmolecules
c. MicronutrientsxusedxtoxproducexATP
d. Electricallyxchargedxmolecules
ANS:x D
ElectrolytesxarexelectricallyxchaNr g ed xmolecules.xTheyxarexnotxlipidxsoluble,xtheyxarexnotxmade
upxofxprotein,xandxtheyxdoxnotxplayxaxrolexinxATPx production.
16. Axnursexisxreadingxaxchartxandxseesxthextermxoncoticxpressure.xThexnursexrecallsxthatxoncotic
xpressurex(colloidxosmoticxpressure)xisxdeterminedxby:
a. thexconcentrationxofxsodium.
b. plasmaxproteins.
c. hydrostaticxpressure.
d. thexavailabilityxofxmembranextransporterxproteins.
ANS:x B
Oncoticxpressurexisxdeterminedxbyxthexeffectxofxcolloidsxorxplasmaxproteins.xThexconcentration
xofxsodiumxplaysxaxrolexinxtonicity.xHydrostaticxpressurexisxthexforcexwithinxaxvessel.xMembran
extransporterxproteinsxarexinvolvedxinxactivextransportxwithinxaxconcentrationxgradient.
17. Axpatientxhasxaxbodyxfluidxofx300xmOsm/kg.xThisxlabxresultxisxmeasuring:
a. osmolality.
b. osmolarity.
c. osmoticxpressure.
d. oncoticxpressure.
ANS:x A
