Psychology 101 , PSYCHOLOGY 101
EXAM 1 AND 2 Exam Questions With
Correct Answers - Latest 2024/2025 |
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Three Ways of Doing Psychology - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1.
Experimental
2. Teachers
3. Applied
Critical Thinking - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. What is the source?
2. Is the claim reasonable?
3. What is the evidence?
4. Could bias contaminate the conclusion?
-emotional bias
-conformational bias
5. Does the reasoning avoid common fallacies (common sense)?
6. Does the issue require multiple perspectives?
Six main viewpoints of Modern Psychology - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1.
Biological
2. Cognitive
3. Behavioral
4. Whole-person
5. Developmental
6. Sociocultural perspectives
Dualism - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Philosophical belief that the mind and
body are separate. First talked about by Rene Descartes.
,Structuralism - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Psychological approach
developed by Wilhelm Wundt that focused on understand the
basic elements which make of conscious mental experiences.
Functionalism - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Psychological approach
developed by William James which studied how human and
animal actions, especially how they adapted to their
environments.
Psychoanaltic - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Psychological approach
focused on understanding the unconscious mind. First developed
by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud.
Behavioralism - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Pioneered by Russian
physiologist Ivan Pavlov, this approach seeks to understand how
organisms learn and modify their actions based on events in their
environment.
Humanistic - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Psychological approach developed
in the 1960s by Abraham Maslov and others, which sought to
describe human actions holistically. Environmental and
unconscious factors are background information; emphasis
placed on self-direction.
Biological - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Sometimes referred to as behavioral
neuroscience focuses on the impact of the nervous system,
hormones and genes upon behavior. Gathering data often comes
from various imaging scans.
Cognitive - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Developed in the 1950s people
include Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky, this approach focuses
on how humans process, store, retrieve and use information AND
,how this information informs our thinking, language, creativity and
problem-solving. Touches upon other issues including perception.
Sociocultural - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Newest psychological approach
which considers gender, ethnicity and status to understand
human behavior. Immigration is one area of interest for
psychologists who study this field.
Description - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-First of the four major goals of
psychology. Emphasis is placed on data collection of behaviors.
Explanation - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Second major goal of psychology.
Goes beyond stating facts and articulates potential reasons for
behavior. Psychologists develop hypotheses at this stage.
Prediction - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Third major goal of psychology,
where one considers the accumulated data about a topic or
behavior and articulates future actions.
Influence - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Fourth major goal of psychology to
actually alter human behavior. This goal is more often found in
applied sciences rather than basic sciences.
Academic Institutions - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-36% of all psychologists
work in this area, either conducting research or instruction.
Clinical Settings - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-45% of psychologists work
independently, in hospitals and clinics, or counseling centers to
help patients.
Empirical Investigation - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Research conducted,
and conclusions reached, by means of observation and
documentation.
, Theory - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-Testable explanations for a broad set
of facts or observations.
Four Steps to the Scientific Method - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. Develop
a Hypothesis.
2. Collect Objective Data.
3. Analyze the Results. Accept or Reject the Hypothesis.
4. Publish, Criticize or Replicate the Results.
Five Types of Psychological Research - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1.
Experiments
- variable
2. Correlational Studies
- determine the nature of the relationship between variable but
cannot determine the cause and effect.
- "natural experiments" have already occurred by chance in the
real world
3. Survey
- determine peoples attitudes, preferences or other
characteristics.
- vulnerable to bias
4. Naturalistic Observations
- Descriptive research technique in which the researcher
assesses the behavior of subjects under studying their natural
condition
5. Case Studies
- Few individuals.
- Focus on individuals with rare problems or unusual talents.
Three Types of Correlations - ✔✔ANSWER✔✔-1. Positive
correlation
2. Negative correlation
3. Zero correlation
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