Advanced Patho USF || Already Passed.
Functions of cellular organelles: RIBOSOMES correct answers Where protein synthesis occurs
Functions of cellular organelles : SMOOTH ER correct answers communication system, cellular
highway.....makes and sends protein, carbohydrates, and lipids to Golgi apparatus
Functions of cellular organelles: GOLGI APPARATUS correct answers materials get packaged
for transport. Secretory vesicle (secreted). Proteins can be sent out to the body
Functions of cellular organelles: LYSOSOMES correct answers breakdown, cellular garbage
disposal, enzymes that digest cellular junk, some are specialized to get rid of specific substances
Functions of cellular organelles: PEROXISOMES correct answers breakdown peroxides and get
rid of free radicals
Functions of cellular organelles: MITOCHONDRIA correct answers production of cellular
energy, ATP (adenosine triphosphate, aerobic metabolism), specialized organelles (many have
own DNA)
Functions of cellular organelles: ROUGH ER correct answers communication system, cellular
highway, studded with ribosomes
Ligands correct answers Substances used to connect to receptor cites
Functions of Cellular Organelles: PLASMA MEMBRANE correct answers 1.) to control
transport of materials from outside/inside of cell (gatekeeper)
2.) connects with biologically active substances (ligands- anything that binds to the cell)
3.) action potentials (nerve and muscle cells)
4.) aids in cell growth
Important components:
Phospholipids: protective barrier against stuff outside cell
Cholesterol: essential building block of cell membrane, without it, the phospholipid membrane
would be too fluid
Proteins embedded in cellular wall: transmembrane proteins are most important (function in
transporting across membranes)
The mechanics of cell firing, including the ions and substances involved: NA K PUMP correct
answers 1.) Cells begin with a negative charge: resting membrane potential
2.) Stimulus causes some Na+ channels to open
Na+ diffuses in, making the cell more positive
3.) At threshold potential, more Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes in, making the cell very positive:
depolarization
4.) Action potential: the cell responds (e.g., by contracting)
5.) THEN K+ channels open
,K+ diffuses out, making the cell negative again: repolarization
Na+/K+ ATPase removes the Na+ from the cell and pumps the K+ back in
Forms of Adaptation: ATROPHY correct answers - Reversion of cells to smaller size and lower,
more efficient level of functioning
- Natural adaptation consistent w/ survival of the cell
- Often the result of a decrease in work demands, such as a reduction in use of skeletal muscles,
reduced metabolic activity and ATP
- Reversible with reestablishment of normal use
Forms of Adaptation: HYPERTROPHY correct answers - Increase in cell size and amount of
functional tissue mass
- Result of increased workload in tissue not able to adapt through formation of more cells
- Commonly seen in cardiac and skeletal muscle
- The muscles of extreme body builders are hypertrophic
- Can be physiologic (body builders) or pathologic (LVH)
Forms of Adaptation: HYPERPLASIA correct answers - An increase in the number of cells in an
organ or tissue
- Can be physiologic (wound repair) or pathologic (usually from excess hormonal stimulation,
e.g., BPH)
- Hormonal (as in breast enlargement w/ pregnancy)
- Compensatory (regeneration of an organ after partial removal, collateral circulation around
occluded artery)
- Non-mitotic cells (e.g., neurons) are almost never hyper plastic
Forms of Adaptation: METAPLASIA correct answers - Replacement of one cell type by another
of the same basic tissue class (i.e., epithelial, muscle, connective, nerve)
- Reversible change involving undifferentiated stem cells within the metaplastic tissue
- Usually a survival response to irritation or inflammation
- Ex: Squamous epithelial becomes columnar epithelial in chronic GERD in response to acid
(Barret's esophagus)
Forms of Adaptation: DYSPLASIA correct answers - "Deranged" cell growth: variable size,
shape, and UNorganization (cells don't look anything like they're supposed to)
- Adaptive, but abnormal
- Potentially reversible
- Precursor to cancer (ex: cervix, keratosis>>skin CA)
Free Radicals correct answers - Molecules with an unpaired
electron in the outer elec-
tron shell
- Extremely unstable and reactive (seek out other cells to rob electrons from—damage them!!!)
- Can react with normal cell components:
*Damaging cellular components, including elements of the cell membrane (e.g. phospholipids)
*Turning them into more free radicals
,- Normally removed from body by antioxidants
- Phospholipids of cell membrane destroyed by free radicals, cell becomes vulnerable
Theories of Aging correct answers *****Is it programmed into the cells?
Telomeres become too short; cell can no longer divide ("Replicative Senescence")
****Is it the result of accumulated damage?
Older cells have more DNA damage
Older cells have more free radicals (superoxides damage DNA, proteins, lipids)
Cells can lose the ability to repair their telomeres
Telomeres, telomerase correct answers Telomeres: strand @ end of DNA
Telomerase (enzyme that protects telomeres) protects telomeres of stem cells and germ cells in
fetal tissues (not present in adult cells)
Telomerase: Overactive in cancer cells (Allows cancer cells to live longer and replicate more
often than regular cells)
DNA: 2 key roles correct answers 1.) cell Replication: when cells divide (mitosis and meiosis)
2.) Protein synthesis (building blocks of body tissue)
DNA: 3 components of each segment (nucleotide): correct answers 1.) Phosphate (phosphoric
acid) molecule
2.) Sugar (deoxyribose) molecule
3.) Nitrogenous base (A---T, G---C)
Phosphates>>>>connect to sugars>>>>connect to nitrogenous bases (A, G, T, C)
Weak hydrogen bond holds nucleotides together
Protein synthesis: RIBOSOMAL RNA correct answers - Formed in the NUCLEOLUS
- Combines with ribosomal proteins to MAKE RIBOSOMES (the cellular structure where
protein synthesis is carried out)
- Moves along the messenger RNA, moving transfer RNAs into position
- Connects amino acids that the tRNAs have carried into position
Protein Synthesis: MESSENGER RNA correct answers - Formed in NUCLEUS
- Joins with DNA to form the template for making of new proteins
mRNA Codon correct answers On DNA strand, every set of 3 nitrogenous bases= triplet
Corresponding nucleotides on mRNA strand= codon
Protein Synthesis: TRANSFER RNA correct answers -Each type of tRNA corresponds with and
binds to a specific amino acid
- Contains 3 nitrogenous bases (anticodon)
, - Transports amino acids to ribosome to get strung together (translation)
Protein Synthesis: PROCESS correct answers RNA Polymerase transcribes DNA sequence
downstream into mRNA (in the nucleus so the DNA isn't damaged); mRNA is fed into
ribosomes (rRNA) which has binding sites that allows mRNA to interact with tRNA; tRNA
translates nucleotides into amino acids and matches the correct amino acid for each set of
nucleotides; this creates a polypeptide chain
RNA correct answers Single stranded helix, URACIL replaces thymine
Mitosis correct answers - A process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell
gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells.
- Takes place in all body cells except germ cells. Allows us to produce new skin cells, new blood
cells, new muscle cells. Cell with 23 sets of 2 (46) DIPLOID cells
Meiosis correct answers - A division of a germ cell involving two fissions of the nucleus and
giving rise to four gametes, or sex cells, each possessing half the number of chromosomes of the
original cell.
- Cells produced may not be identical due to exchange of DNA during the pairing of
chromosomes. This is called crossing over.
- Germ cell (sperm and egg) division. Results in new cells of 23 chromosomes (HAPLOID cell)
Allele correct answers Alternate forms of a gene found at the same location (locus) on the
chromosome
Chromosomes correct answers - Packages of DNA
- 23 pairs in each cell (22 pairs are autosomes, 1 pair is sex chromosomes)
- P arm = short (petite)
- Q arm = long
- DNA is coiled up around nucleosomes, like thread on a spool
- The coiled strands = chromatin
Punnet Squares correct answers - Summarizes genetic inheritance
- Genotype: a person's genetic material (blueprint/design...how a person is constructed)
- Phenotype: a person's physical characteristics (what a person actually looks like)
- Penetrance: % of a population with a certain gene that actually displays the trait the gene says
its supposed to express
Marfan's syndrome correct answers - Autosomal dominant condition resulting from a defect in
the fibrillin gene --> key component of tendons, heart valves, blood vessels, and other connective
tissues
- Located on the long (q) arm of gene 15
25% are due to de novo mutation (sponteneous)
- S/S: lens dislocation, myopia, pigeon chest/tunnel chest, kyphosis/scoliosis, long arms, aortic
aneurism, floply valves, joint hypermobility
