Exam (elaborations)
NSG 530 STUDY GUIDE
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Exam of 9 pages for the course NSG 530 at NSG 530 (NSG 530 STUDY GUIDE)
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NSG 530 STUDY GUIDEalveoli epithelial cells - ANSWER Type I alveolar cells (alveolar structure)
Type II alveolar cells (surfactant production)
1.Which of the following is TRUE regarding the pulmonary system?
A.Each lobe is divided into bronchi.
B.The left lobe is divided into three lobes.
C.The mediastinum contains the lungs and heart.
D.The larynx connects the upper and lower airways. - ANSWER Correct Answer: D
The larynx connects the upper and lower airways. The mediastinum is located
between the lungs and contains the heart, great vessels, andesophagus. The right
lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two. Each lobe is divided into segments
and lobules
Neurochemical control: Respiratory center - ANSWER •Dorsal and ventral
respiratory groups
•Pneumotaxic and apneustic centers
Neurochemical control: Lung receptors - ANSWER •Irritant receptors
•Stretch receptors
Neurochemical control: Chemoreceptors: - ANSWER Central chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Muscles of Breathing: Major muscles of inspiration - ANSWER Diaphragm
External intercostals
Muscles of Breathing: Accessory muscles of inspiration - ANSWER
ØSternocleidomastoid muscle
ØScalene muscles
Mechanics of Breathing: Gas Transport - ANSWER Four steps
ØVentilation of the lungs
ØDiffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the capillary blood
ØPerfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
ØDiffusion of oxygen from systemic capillaries into the cells
Diffusion of CO2 occurs in reverse order
1.A patient has bulbous enlargement of the distal segments of the fingers. Which
disease is associated with this condition?
A.Cystic fibrosis
B.Acute pneumonia
C.Sickle cell disease
, D.Acute myocardial infarction - ANSWER A
This condition describes clubbing, in which there is enlargement of the distal
segment of the finger. It is associated with conditions of decreased oxygenation such
as bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, lung abscess, and congenital
heart disease.
Open pneumothorax - ANSWER An open wound to the chest that allows air to enter
the pleural space and cause lung collapse
tension pneumothorax - ANSWER a pneumothorax with rapid accumulation of air in
the pleural space causing severely high intrapleural pressures with resultant tension
on the heart and great vessels.
Spontaneous (primary) pneumothorax - ANSWER Occurs in the absence of a
traumatic injury to the chest or a known lung disease
secondary pneumothorax - ANSWER Underlying lung disease leads to weakened
small airways which collapse with respirations.
Pleural effusion - ANSWER fluid in pleural space
ØTransudative (watery)
ØExudative (WBCs and plasma proteins)
ØHemothorax (blood)
ØEmpyema (pus)
Chylothorax (chyle)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - ANSWER ØAcute lung inflammation
and diffuse alveolocapillary injury that results from injury or severe inflammation
•Bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph
•Low ratio of PaO2 to FiO2
ØThree phases:
•Exudative (within 72 hours)
•Proliferative (4 to 21 days)
•Fibrotic (14 to 21 days)
2.Which of the following is TRUE regarding acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS)?
A.It is caused by injury to the bronchioles.
B.It can cause severe pulmonary edema.
C.It is most commonly caused by exposure to inhaled irritants.
D.Macrophages are not involved in response. - ANSWER Correct Answer: B
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by damage that is
done to the alveolar capillary membrane and causes severe pulmonary edema. The
most common cause of ARDS is either sepsis or multiple trauma. Macrophages,
neutrophils, complement, and endotoxins are all important mediators.
Asthma - ANSWER ØChronic inflammation of the airways
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