Aortic Valve Stenosis Correct--Most common valvular disease
-Most common causes are aortic valve CALCIFICATION (stiffening) in people over 60;
congenital aortic valve stenosis in people less than 30
-Normal valve 3 cm; symptoms seen when valve less than 1 cm; severe when valve is less than
0.5 cm
-Narrowed valve prevents outflow from left ventricle to aorta. This backs up blood to the left
atrium and ultimately floods the lung causing PULMONARY EDEMA
S/Sx: Pulmonary hypertension/edema, poor outflow of aorta to body (aorta sends out
oxygenated blood to body), causing fainting or chest pain
Simplified: Aorta is stiff and can't send out oxygenated blood properly to the body, depriving
tissues of oxygen. Blood gets backed up into lungs, causing pulmonary edema.
, Exam-Advanced Pathophysiology Summer 2024 UTA
5315 TEST 3 Questions and Answers
Aortic Valve Regurgitation Correct--Valve is TOO WIDE or TOO NARROW, blood doesn't
pass through effectively, causing back flow of blood into the left ventricle
-Marked by EARLY DIASTOLIC MURMUR (on systole, heart contracts and pushes blood up the
aorta, but on diastole, heart relaxes and ineffective aortic valve is not able to hold blood up in
aorta, so blood falls and makes a swish sound, which is the murmur)
-Most commonly caused by AORTIC ROOT DILATION(starting point of aorta is too wide)
-Other causes: infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, aortitis from syphilis, coarctation
(congenital narrowing of aorta), aortic dissection (tear), ankylosing spondylitis (inflammatory
arthritis)
-Acute: increases left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (increased blood back down
in the left ventricle increases pressure), decreased stroke volume (not much blood is being
pushed from left ventricle because blood's backed up and overwhelming left ventricle),
normal or decreased pulse pressure, decreased cardiac output (aorta is not effectively
pumping blood from heart)
, Exam-Advanced Pathophysiology Summer 2024 UTA
5315 TEST 3 Questions and Answers
Chronic: Body adjusts; LVEDP normalizes, systolic bp increases (compensation: harder
contraction to push blood out of aorta before it falls back down to left ventricle), diastolic bp
decreases (compensation: decreased relaxation of heart to stop blood from seeping back out
of aorta), cardiac output is normal, pulse pressure is increase. Blood ultimately is backed up
into the left atrium and pulmonary circulation.
Atherosclerosis Causes Correct--Begins with tissue injury
Sources of injury:
CIGARETTES (toxins)
Hypertension (increased force of the blood hitting the blood vessel can weaken it)
Diabetes
Hyperlipidemia (lipids take place of endothelial cells lining the blood vessel, initiating an
inflammatory response)
Patho of Atherosclerosis r/t Hyperlipidemia - Inflammatory Response Correct-1. Tissue
injury to endothelial cells lining the blood vessel.
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