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AP US History: Unit 1 (Give Me Liberty!)
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AP US History: Unit 1 (Give Me Liberty!)
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AP US HISTORY: UNIT 1 GIVE MELIBERTY! QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
x Land Bridge - A land link between Asia and North America that was intact between 15,000 and 60,000
years ago; most Native Americans are said to have descended from ancestors who crossed this land link
(Beringia)
Aztecs - A large-scale Indian society in modern-day Mexico with a centralized government in its capital
Tenochtitlan; its capital had 250,000 citizens and had royal palaces, central markets, and a complex road
system
Incas - A large Indian society centered in modern-day Peru; it had a population of 12 million and was
linked by roads and bridges that stretched 2,000 miles along the Andes
Hernan Cortes - Conquistador who arrived at Tenochtitlan in 1519; with a few hundred men, he
conquered the city because of superior military technology, enlisting the aid of some Native allies, but
most importantly, disease (smallpox epidemic)
Francisco Pizarro - Conquistador who conquered the Inca society; captured the Indian king, demanded
and received a ransom, then killed the king anyway
Cahokia - City centered near present-day St. Louis that was the largest settled community in the US until
1800; its 10,000-30,000 residents built giant mounds and was topped by a temple
Iroquois Confederacy - A group of five Northeast Indian nations- the Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca,
and Onondaga- that formed the Great League of Peace, bringing a period of stability to the area; each
year a Great Council, with representatives from each group, met to coordinate behavior towards
outsiders
Native American Views of Land - Generally, in Indian society, village leaders assigned plots of land to
individual families to use for a season or more, and tribes claimed specific areas for hunting; unclaimed
land remained free for anyone to use; they saw land as a common resource, not an economic
commodity
European Views of Native Americans - Europeans saw Natives in extreme terms, both as friendly, noble
savages, or as uncivilized and brutal savages, but negative images soon overshadowed; they concluded
that Indians lacked genuine religion, worshipping false gods; they said Indians didn't really "use" their
land, thus having no claim to it; they saw Indians as weak men and mistreated women, considering the
men "unmanly"
Development of African Slavery - Slavery in Africa long predated the coming of Europeans; African slaves
tended to be criminals and debtors and had well-defined rights; the coming of the Portuguese
accelerated the buying and selling of slaves within Africa; over 100,000 went to Spain and Portugal from
1450-1500
, Reconquista - The reconquest of Spain from the Moors (African Muslims) in 1492; was completed during
reign of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella; to ensure religious unification, they required all Muslims and
Jews to either convert or leave the country
Ferdinand and Isabella - Their marriage in 1469 united the warring kingdoms of Aragon and Castille; they
agreed to become sponsors for Columbus's voyage
Christopher Columbus - Seasoned mariner who believed that by sailing west he could quickly cross the
Atlantic to Asia; underestimated Earth's size; arrived at the Bahamas, then encountered Hispaniola; went
back to Hispaniola and tried to create a settlement there, but failed; made four voyages in all and went
to the grave believing he found a westward route to Asia, until Amerigo Vespucci disputed his claim after
his death
Columbian Exchange - The transatlantic flow of goods and people that altered millions of years of
evolution; Europe was introduced to corn, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco and cotton; the
Americas were introduced to wheat, rice, sugarcane, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, and brand new germs
and diseases
Encomienda System - System in which the first settles had been granted authority over conquered Indian
lands with the right to extract forced labor from the natives; was replaced in 1550 by the repartimiento
system, in which natives were legally free and entitled to wages, but were required to perform a fixed
amount of labor each year
Mestizos - People of mixed origin; the offspring of a Spaniard and Indian; by 1600, they made up a large
part of the urban population of Spanish America and repopulated the Valley of Mexico, where disease
decimated the previous inhabitants
Pope Alexander VI - In 1493, to further legitimize Spain's claim to the New World, he divided the non-
Christian world between Spain and Portugal; Portugal got control of Brazil, while Spain got pretty much
the remainder of the Western hemisphere, which was stated in the Treaty of Tordesillas
Juan Gines de Sepulveda - Spanish student of Aristotle who relied heavily on the "barbarous' view of
Indians; believed the Indians are inferior to the Spanish and that the Spanish have a right to rule them;
called them ferocious warmongers who were born into slavery; saw them as very civilized and not totally
lacking in reason, but said they should accept Christianity fully
Bartolome de Las Casas - Dominican priest who denounced Spain for its cruelties against the Indians; he
insisted that the Indians are rational beings, and that Spain had no grounds to deprive them of their
liberty; he did believe, though that Spain had a right to rule America religiously and suggested importing
African slaves to protect the exploited Indians; because of him, the New Laws were established in 1642
Black Legend - The image of Spain as a unique and brutal colonizer; this view would provide a potent
justification for other European powers to challenge Spain's predominance in the New World; this view
was contributed to by Las Casas's writings
St. Augustine - Spanish colony established in Florida in 1565; Pedro Menendez de Aviles and his men
destroyed Fort Caroline that was established by Huguenots (French Protestants) and established their
own fort there; in general, Florida failed to attract settlers; it is the oldest site in the US continuously
inhabited by European settlers and their descendants
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