Exam (elaborations)
The methods and skills of history a practical guide, salevouris - downloadable solutions manual (revised)
The methods and skills of history a practical guide, salevouris - downloadable solutions manual (revised)
[Show more]
Connected book
Book Title:
Author(s):
- Edition:
- ISBN:
- Edition:
Content preview
NUR 210 exam 1 material Pharmacology Principles1. drug response: the intensity of the drug response is directly related to the
concentration of the drug at the SITE OF ACTION
Goal is to:
- maximize the beneficial effects- concentration high enough for desired response
- minimize harm- avoid to high a concentration
2. Three phases of drug action: 1. pharmaceutic phase (dissolution)
2. pharmacokinetic phase (drug moving through the body)
3. pharmacodynamic phase (what the drug does to the body)
3. 1. pharmaceutic phase: the drug goes into solution
- Dissolution: the process by which a drug goes into solution and becomes
available for absorption
- must be dissolved before it can be absorbed
- most absorption takes place in the small intestine
4. 2. pharmacokinetic phase: four processes: "what the BODY does to the
drug" - absorption
- distribution
- metabolism/ biotransformation
- exertion
5. pharmacokinetic phase: Absorption: (small intestine) the movement of a
drug from its site of administration into the blood
6. pharmacokinetic phase: Distribution: drug moves from blood --> cell
membrane
7. pharmacokinetic phase: Metabolism/biotransformation: lipid soluble
metabolite (liver) --> a water soluble metabolite
8. pharmacokinetic phase: Excretion: water soluble metabolite (kidneys)
9. liver: breaks down the drug
10. kidneys: excretes the drug
11. Pharmacokinetic phase movement process: orally --> stomach --> SI -->
bloodstream --> site of action --> liver (broken down) --> kidneys (excreted)
IV --> bloodstream --> cite of action --> liver --> kidneys
, NUR 210 exam 1 material Pharmacology Principles
12. drugs crossing the cell membranes phospholipid cell layer: -drugs must
be LIPID SOLUBLE in order to pass through the membrane
- WATER SOLUBLE drugs penetrate the cell membrane through channels and
pores
13. Absorption
1. direct penetration of the membranes
2. channels and pores
3. transport systems: the movement of a drug from its site of administration to
the blood
How do drugs cross membranes?
14. 1. Direct penetration of the membranes: - use by MOST drugs
- most drugs to large to pass thru channels and pores
- most drugs lack transport systems
- drugs must be lipid soluble to be able to penetrate cellular membranes =
lipophilic drugs
15. 2. channels and pores: only very small ions such as potassium and sodium
can pass through cell membranes
16. 3. transport systems: - are carriers that can move drugs from one side of
the membrane to the other - are selective
17. Movement of drugs across membranes: -drugs must cross membranes
(pass through cells) to enter the blood from their site of administration
- drugs must then leave the blood (vascular systems) to get to their SITE OF
ACTION
- drugs must then cross membranes again to be metabolized and excreted
18. pharmacokinetic phase: Absorption: process that occurs between the time
a drug enters the body and the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated
- Rate of absorption -> depends on the formulation of drug (tablet, liquid, etc.)
- Amount of absorption -> how effective drug will be absorbed
, NUR 210 exam 1 material Pharmacology Principles
Major determinants of rate of absorption:
- blood flow -> higher blood flow, the faster the drug is absorbed
- lipid solubility -> higher lipid soluble drugs faster than drugs whose lipid solubility
is low
- pH -> acidity of the stomach can break down the drug
19. what is the first-pass effect?: affects amount of drug absorbed
- the metabolism of a drug by the liver BEFORE it reaches systemic circulation - is
the % of the drug that is broken down in the liver
- "bioavailability" : the fraction of administered drug that actually reaches systemic
circulation
- IV bioavaiability= 100%
- oral bioavailability will vary
20. Three Routes of Absorption: 1. Enteral
2.Parenteral
3. Topical
21. Enteral route of absorption: Defined by the way of GI tract (oral/gastric
mucosa, small intestine, rectum) - any drug given via GI tract
- EC (enteric coated): intended to break down in the small intestine NOT the
stomach
--> must undergo the "first pass effect"
- PO --> portal circulation --> must undergo the first pass effect
- SL, buccal, rectal --> absorbed into highly vascular tissue under tongue or in the
rectum (by passes liver so little to NO first pass effect)
22. Enteral routes of absorption: EC
PO
SL, buccal, rectal
23. Parenteral route of absorption: SQ, IM, IV, intrathecal (into special cord),
epidural (into spine)
IV fastest route (NO barriers to absorption- absorption instant, complete, and
irreversible) - most common route
24. Topical (transdermal) route of absorption: application of meds to body
surfaces
- skin, eyes, ears, nose, lungs
25. important: all meds given PO have some first pass effect
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller KINGNOTES1. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $15.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
67096 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now