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BIOD Exam 6: Questions & Correct Answers (100%)
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BIOD Exam 6: Questions & Correct Answers (100%)
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BIOD Exam 6: Questions & Correct Answers (100%)How does the internal organization of a prokaryotic cell compare to that of a
eukaryotic cell? Right Ans - Prok: less organized, less DNA, no membrane-
bound nucleus or organelles, presence of a cell wall; Presence of plasmids
Briefly describe the main features of the bacterial cell wall Right Ans -
Alternating sugars of NAM (N-acetylglucosamine) and NAG (N-acetylmuramic
acid) cross-linked together by polypeptides
What is a Gram-stain (technique) and why is it performed? Right Ans - A
Gram-stain is used to identify different types of bacteria based on their cell
walls. The technique involves crystal violet dye, iodine, alcohol wash, and a
final red dye.
Describe the cell of a Gram-positive bacterium and that of a Gram-negative
bacterium. What color will each be after? Right Ans - Gram-positive cells
have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane.
Gram-staining will result in a purple cell, as the cell wall traps the crystal
violet/iodine complex.
Gram-negative cells are more complex and have an outer membrane
composed of lipopolysaccharides, then a thin peptidoglycan cell wall that
surrounds the plasma membrane. Gram-staining will result in red to pink cells
as the crystal violet/iodine complex is washed out of the thin cell wall layer.
What are the major hallmarks of the innate arm and the adaptive arm?
Right Ans - Innate: inborn; it is the same for everyone; rapid response; crude
defenses; physical barriers; antimicrobrial proteins, and specific innate cells
Adaptive: develops over time (slower response) ; high specificity; retains
long-term memory; has specific cells
What are the major cells of the innate arm of the immune system? Right
Ans - Neutrophils, lymphocytes (NK cells are the lymphocytes of the innate
arm), monocytes (macrophages and dendritic cells), eosinophils, and
basophils.
The normal range for an adult patient's WBC count is 4,000-11,000
microliters. If results showed 15,000 microliters what could be a possible
, explanation? Right Ans - They have an infection, and there is an increase
WBC volume to fight the infection
If a patient has more basophils than lymphocytes present, what is a possible
explanation? Right Ans - They are experiencing a severe allergic reaction
The adaptive arm can be further subdivided into what two types of responses?
What cells are part of each subdivision? Right Ans - 1. Humoral: B cells and
antibodies
2. Cell-mediated: T cells (helper and CTL)
What is the benefit of having memory cells? Right Ans - The response is
faster and stronger
T/F: B cells directly secrete antibodies Right Ans - False. Plasma cells are
the antibody-secreting cells
Which cell is known to overlap within both arms of the immune system?
Right Ans - NK cells. They have roles in the innate system (direct killing) and
in the adaptive system (antibody-dependent cytotoxicity)
Describe the following:
epitope, pathogen, and antigen Right Ans - Epitope- a small section of the
antigen take from the pathogen that is presented to cells of the adaptive arm
Pathogen- invading foreign substance(s) that is attempting to infect a host
Antigen- a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune
response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
A pathogen is anything that colonizes and establishes infection in the host.
The portion of the pathogen that is detected as foreign is the antigen. The
specific area on the antigen that B cell and T cell receptors bind to and
antibodies are matched to is the epitope.
T/F: Antibodies can bind to many different antigens. Right Ans - False. Each
antibody is manufactured to a highly specific epitope of the antigen and will
only bind to that region. However, there can be several different antibodies
for one antigen (it is picking up different epitopes)
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