BIOD 331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MODULE 2
LATEST EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS [GRADED A+] ||BIOD
331 LATEST 2024-2025 BRAND NEW!!
What is cancer? - ANSWER-The unregulated growth of abnormal cells
Define cell proliferation - ANSWER-Process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic
cell division.
In normal tissues, the number of new cells being produced is __________ to the
number of cells dying or being shed. - ANSWER-Equivalent
When considering cell proliferation, human cells fall within one of these two
categories: - ANSWER-1. Gametes (ovum and sperm)
2. Somatic (non-reproductive cells)
Genes that increase susceptibility to cancer include these 6 things: - ANSWER-1.
defects in DNA repair mechanisms
2. defects in growth factor signaling pathways 3. evasion of apoptosis
4. avoidance of cellular senescence
5. development of sustained angiogenesis
6. metastasis and invasion
,__________ is when cells stop dividing in response to DNA damage - ANSWER-
Cellular senescence
What is angiogenesis? - ANSWER-Development of new blood vessels
The process by which carcinogenic (cancer-causing) agents cause normal cells to
become cancerous is thought to be a multistep process divided into three stages: -
ANSWER-1. initiation
2. promotion
3. progression
_______ involves the exposure of cells to a carcinogenic agent that makes them
vulnerable to cancer transformation - ANSWER-Initiation
________ allows for the abundant growth of cells, usually triggered by multiple
growth factors or chemicals - ANSWER-Promotion
If you remove a promoter substance, what happens? - ANSWER-The abundant
growth of cells is reversible
What is progression? - ANSWER-occurs when a tumor cell becomes malignant
What are the risk factors related to cancer? - ANSWER-1. heredity 2. hormonal
factors 3. obesity, 4. immunologic mechanisms 5. environmental agents 6.
chemicals 7. radiation 8. cancer-causing viruses.
, Obesity is associated with insulin ________ and ________, both of which can have
a carcinogenic effect - ANSWER-Resistance and production
What are some protective mechanisms that the body's immune system has? (5) -
ANSWER-1. T-lymphocytes
2. B-lymphocytes
3. antibodies
4. Macrophages
5. Natural killer cells
Gametes are _________ - ANSWER-Haploids
What is a haploid? - ANSWER-A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
What are haploids designed for? - ANSWER-Sexual function
After fusion, a _________ cell is formed - ANSWER-Diploid
How many sets of chromosomes do diploids have? - ANSWER-2
Diploids are an example of what type of cell? - ANSWER-Somatic
Give 3 examples of a well-differentiated cell that rarely divides or reproduces -
ANSWER-1. Skeletal muscle cells
2. Cardiac muscles cells
3. Neurons
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller winnieelizabeth424. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $20.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
