You must have: Total Marks
Calculator, ruler, Equation Booklet (enclosed)
Instructions
•• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
•• Answer all questions.
Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
Information
•• The total mark for this paper is 100.
The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• Instructure
questions marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your ability to
your answer logically, showing how the points you make are related or
follow on from each other where appropriate.
Advice
•• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over
, Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 (a) Nuclear fusion is a process that releases energy.
Which of these statements applies to a nuclear fusion reaction?
(1)
A it emits daughter nuclei
B it is a controlled chain reaction
C it produces radioactive waste
D it requires high temperature and pressure
(b) In the Sun, four protons start the process of nuclear fusion.
These protons combine and finally produce a helium nucleus.
The helium nucleus has a smaller mass than the four protons.
This difference in mass is converted to energy.
Four protons have a total mass of 6.69 10
27 kg .
A helium nucleus has a mass of 6.64 10
27 kg .
Calculate the percentage of the original mass that has been converted to energy.
(3)
percentage of mass converted to energy ................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %
2
, (c) Figure 1 shows the spectrum of an element detected in the light from a distant
galaxy, from a nearby galaxy and from a source on Earth.
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
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spectrum of element
from distant galaxy P
from nearby galaxy
on Earth P
400 500 600 700
wavelength in nm
Figure 1
(i) Estimate the difference between the wavelength of line P in the spectrum
from the distant galaxy and the wavelength of line P in the spectrum on Earth.
(1)
difference in wavelength = .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nm
(ii) Scientists have discovered that light from almost all distant galaxies has
spectral lines shifted towards the red end of the spectrum.
Explain how red shift in light, received from galaxies at different distances
from the Earth, supports the idea that the Universe is expanding.
(3)
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