<5 mm renal calculi can Correct Answers be passed through
the urine. may only require NSAIDs for management.
>5 mm renal calculi requires what? Correct Answers urology
consult.
this may cause an obstruction or kidney failure.
this type of stone may need surgical intervention to be removed.
2 types of medication classes used for BPH treatment Correct
Answers alpha1-adrenergic antagonist
5-alpha-reductase inhibitors
A normal serum magnesium level is Correct Answers 1.7 to 2.3
mg/dL;
A patient presents with extensive pedal edema and ascites.
Serum sodium concentration is 141 mEq/L. Does this patient
have a problem with sodium control, water control, or both?
Correct Answers sodium control
,The patient exhibits clinical signs of ECFV excess (edema,
ascites). Abnormal ECFV indicates a problem with sodium
regulation. The serum sodium is normal (135-145 mEq/L),
therefore the patient does not have a problem with water
regulation.
An easy way to remember the norm for serum osmolality***
Correct Answers An easy way to remember the norm for serum
osmolality is to multiple 2 to the average serum sodium, or (2 x
140 mEq/L). The normal serum osmolality should be about 280
mOsm/L.
Balancing the amount of sodium and water serves two purposes
Correct Answers maintains the concentration of extracellular
sodium within a narrow range (135-145mEq/L)
maintains the ECFV within reasonable limits (euvolemia)
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Correct Answers
enlargement of the prostate gland, common in older men,
causing urinary obstruction
BMP in Dehydration and Volume Depletion (Hypovolemia)?
Correct Answers -serum sodium, potassium, chloride,
bicarbonate, glucose, BUN, and creatinine
-BUN and creatinine levels may be elevated
-BUN/Cr ratio > 20:1 suggests volume depletion and pre-renal
hypoperfusion
-chloride may be low with gastric fluid loss leading to
hypochloremia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and
paradoxical aciduria
,-bicarbonate is reduced in metabolic acidosis
-bicarbonate may also be lost in excessive diarrhea (non-anion
gap acidosis)
-glucose may be elevated in DKA or HHNK
BPH obstructive symptoms Correct Answers Hesitancy
difficulty Starting & stopping
Decreased stream
Postvoid dribbling
Sensation of incomplete bladder emptying
Overflow incontinence
Inability to voluntarily stop the urine stream
Urinary retention
Straining to urinate
Calcium does what in the body? Correct Answers Calcium
plays a critical role in the body's physiologic function as an
important mediator of neuromuscular and cardiac function.
Causes of Hypercalcemia Correct Answers
hyperparathyroidism
thyrotoxicosis
vitamin D intoxication
prolonged immobilization
excessive intake of calcium supplements
excessive use of antacids with phosphate binding
thiazide diuretics (rare)
patients with metastatic cancer are especially at risk
Causes of Hyperkalemia Correct Answers increased dietary
intake
, excessive administration of K+
excessive use of salt substitutes
widespread cell damage, burns, trauma
administration of larger quantities of old blood
hyponatremia
renal failure
Causes of Hypermagnesemia Correct Answers
Hypermagnesemia occurs in the presence of renal insufficiency
or renal failure. Other causes include:
excessive use of Mg containing acids
excessive magnesium replacement in TPN
adrenal insufficiency
hypothyroidism
hypothermia
trauma, shock, sepsis
burns
untreated DKA
Causes of Hypocalcemia Correct Answers hypoparathyroidism
hypomagnesemia
hyperphosphatemia
inadequate exposure to UV light
vitamin D deficiency
acute pancreatitis
acute renal failure
severe trauma
multiple blood transfusions
Causes of Hypokalemia Correct Answers insulin
administration (drives potassium into the cells)
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