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BIOS 255 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2024( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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BIOS 255 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2024( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED).
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BIOS 255 EXAM 23 classes of blood vessels
arteries, capillaries, veins
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
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Capillaries
Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the
body
Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
Layers of blood vessels
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
layers of capillaries
only tunica intima
Layer of capillaries CONT
,endothelium with sparse basal lamina
Layers of veins
tunica externa, tunica media, tunica interna
Similarities of Arteries and Veins
Structure: Both arteries and veins are composed of three layers: an outer layer of connective
tissue, a middle layer of smooth muscle, and an inner layer of endothelium.
Transport of blood: Arteries and veins are part of the circulatory system and work together to
transport blood throughout the body.
Contain blood: Both arteries and veins contain blood, but arteries carry oxygenated blood
(except for the pulmonary artery), while veins carry deoxygenated blood (except for the
pulmonary vein).
Branching: Both arteries and veins branch into smaller vessels. Arteries divide into arterioles,
and veins divide into venules.
Transport of nutrients and waste: Both arteries and veins play a role in the transport of nutrients,
oxygen, and waste products within the body.
Differences between arteries and veins
Direction of blood flow: Arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins carry blood back to
the heart.
Oxygenation: Arteries generally carry oxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary artery, which
carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. Veins predominantly carry
deoxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the
lungs to the heart.
Blood pressure: Arteries experience higher blood pressure due to the pumping action of the
heart, while veins have lower blood pressure.
Wall thickness: Arteries have thicker walls, especially in the muscular and elastic arteries, to
withstand the higher pressure of blood flow. Veins, on the other hand, have thinner walls.
Valves: Veins contain valves that help prevent the backflow of blood, whereas arteries lack
valves.
, Appearance: Arteries usually have a round shape and a reddish hue due to oxygenated blood,
while veins may appear bluish or purplish in color.
What is MAP?
mean arterial pressure, pressure that propels blood to tissues
Factors that affect MAP
blood volume
blood viscosity
blood vessel diameter
ventricular contractility
sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system
baroreceptors and vasomotor center
How to calculate MAP
MAP = DP + 1/3(SP – DP)
Anna has the following values:systolic BP: 110 mmHgDiastolic BP 70 mmHgEnd- systolic
volume: 120 mlsEnd-diastolic volume: 50 mlsHeart rate: 80 bpm
MAP is 83.33 110-70=40 40/1/3 =13.2 13.2+70
Where can we measure pulse in the body?
Pulse can be measured at various points throughout the body where an artery is close to the
surface and can be easily palpated (felt). Here are some common pulse points:
Radial Pulse: Located on the wrist, on the thumb side. This is the most common and convenient
site for measuring the pulse.
Carotid Pulse: Located on the neck, on either side of the windpipe (trachea). Caution should be
exercised when measuring the carotid pulse due to its proximity to vital structures.
Brachial Pulse: Found in the inner elbow area, between the biceps and triceps muscles. This is
commonly used when measuring a pulse in infants or during blood pressure measurements.
Femoral Pulse: Located in the groin area, in the crease between the lower abdomen and the
thigh. It is often used in emergency situations or when assessing circulation in the lower
extremities.
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